Abstract
The main objective of the Flemish research project ‘Nanotechnologies for tomorrow’s society’ (NanoSoc) is to develop and try out an interactive process as a suitable methodology for rendering nanoresearchers aware of underlying assumptions that guide nanotech research and integrating social considerations into the research choices they face. In particular, the NanoSoc process should sustain scientists’ capacities to address growing uncertainties on the strategic, scientific and public acceptance level. The article elaborates on these uncertainties and involved dilemmas scientists are facing and proposes a process approach which addresses strategic uncertainty by alternating between ‘visioning’ and ‘technology assessment’; a process design which manages complexity by promoting reflexivity among scientists by exposing them to deliberations in civil society (social experts, stakeholders, citizens) on plausible futures with nanotechnologies; and as an answer to societal ambivalence, certain process quality requirements such as an attitude of perplexity or openness towards ‘plurality’ and an attitude of ‘temporary closure’, both in support of understanding and learning from differences.
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Notes
In Europe, two thirds of the total funds for nanotechnological research originates from public sources. In the United States public sources amount to about 50%; in Japan they account for one third. For the emerging Asian countries the public share is around 36% (Source: [29]).
This written poll ‘Biotechnology in the public sphere’ by Claeys et al. was conducted between February and May 2002 and involves a representative sample of 5,083 respondents in Belgium. The inquiry aims at first relating perceived risks and benefits of genetic applications (with plants, animals and humans) with attitudes of acceptance of these technologies, and secondly translating this balancing of risks and benefits into particular (new?) societal differences.
This on-line survey by Kahan et al. was conducted in December 2006 and involves a representative sample of 1,850 Americans whose knowledge of and attitudes toward nanotechnology were assessed, both in the presence (information on a wide variety of applications) and in the absence of information about nanotechnology’s risks and benefits.
For instance a majority of the respondents would never approve the use of a memory enhancing brain implant, while readily accepting a hearing implant. This poll was conducted between January and February of 2005 by the Directorate General Research of the European Commission. The results were first published in Eurobarometer 225 under the title “Social values, Science and Technology”. For more information, see http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf (Source: EC, Special Eurobarometer, Social Values, Science and Technology, June 2005, p. 81).
Flemish Council for Science policy, Conference: Innovation paradox:, Is every step ahead also a step higher up? What is Flanders doing? What is Europe accomplishing? Brussels, 21 November 2006.
EC communication ‘Towards a European Strategy for Nanotechnology’ [13].
‘GM Nation?’ the UK’s public debate on GM crops, announced in July 2002 by the government.
On issues such as the storage of low-level radioactive waste, food safety, animal food production
‘Technology Note’ of the Flemish Government, 1994.
On: biotechnology, new materials and energy, and environmental technology.
These included the Flemish Institute of Biotechnology (VIB), The Research Center on Nuclear Energy (SCK), The Flemish Institute of Technology Research (VITO), the Flemish Institute for the Promotion of Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT), and the Flanders Technology Foundation (STV).
In 2002, the European Councel held in Barcelona decided that every European member state should spend 3% of its GDP on R&D by 2010. Two-thirds of the investment should come from private funding. In 2003 Flanders committed to this objective by launching its so-called Innovation Pact.
IMEC: Interuniversity Micro-Electronics Institute, Leuven, Belgium; EMAT: Electronic Microscopy for Material Research, Fysics Department, University of Antwerp; both partners inNanoSoc.
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Acknowledgement
The research project ‘Nanotechnologies for Tomorrow’s Society’ is funded by the Flemish Institute IWT (Institute for the Support of Innovation by Science and Technology) in its programme ‘Strategic Basic Research’.
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Goorden, L., Van Oudheusden, M., Evers, J. et al. Lose One Another ... and Find One Another in Nanospace. ‘Nanotechnologies for Tomorrow’s Society: A Case for Reflective Action Research in Flanders (NanoSoc)’. Nanoethics 2, 213–230 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11569-008-0043-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11569-008-0043-x