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Peritonitisbehandlung bei der Peritonealdialyse

Was bringen die aktuellen Leitlinien?

Treatment of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis

What is new by the updated guidelines?

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Nephrologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die Peritonitis ist noch immer eine der häufigsten und schwerwiegendsten Komplikationen im Rahmen der Peritonealdialyse(PD)-Behandlung. Zur Prävention und Therapie dieser Erkrankung veröffentlicht die Internationalen Gesellschaft für Peritonealdialyse in größeren zeitlichen Abständen – zuletzt 2016 – jeweils aktualisierte Empfehlungen. Erstmals enthalten die Empfehlungen der Leitlinie auch Angaben zur entsprechenden Evidenz und zur Stärke der Empfehlung. Ein großer Stellenwert wird der Prävention der Peritonitis und den dafür relevanten Faktoren (Maßnahmen im Rahmen der Katheterimplantation, Implantationstechniken und prophylaktische Antibiotikatherapie, Katheterdesign, Konnektionstechniken, Patiententrainingsprogramme, Dialyselösungen, Pflege der Katheteraustrittsstelle) eingeräumt. Die allgemeinen Therapieempfehlungen haben sich nur wenig geändert. Nach wie vor wird eine empirische Primärbehandlung mit 2 möglichst intraperitoneal applizierten Antibiotika mit Wirkungsspektren im gramnegativen und grampositiven Bereich empfohlen. Dabei ist das zentrumsspezifische Resistenzmuster zu beachten. Die Therapie mit Aminoglykosiden sollte, wenn immer möglich, zeitlich begrenzt werden. Bei der Therapie der pseudomonasbedingten Peritonitiden wird der zeitgleiche Einsatz von 2 wirksamen Antibiotika über einen Zeitraum von 21 bis 28 Tagen empfohlen. Deutlicher als noch in früheren Versionen der Leitlinie wird auf die Indikationen zur Entfernung des PD-Katheters hingewiesen. So wird u. a. bei allen rezidivierenden oder refraktären Peritonitisepisoden sowie prinzipiell bei jeder Pilzperitonitis zur Entfernung des Katheters geraten.

Abstract

Peritonitis is still one of the most common and severe complications in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). For many years the International Society of Peritoneal Dialysis has published updated guidelines at regular intervals for the prevention and treatment of peritonitis. The most recent guidelines were published in 2016. For the first time the recommendations of the guidelines include a grading system regarding the level of evidence and the strength of the recommendation. The guidelines focus on several factors for the prevention of peritonitis (e.g. measures taken at the time of catheter implantation, implantation techniques, antibiotic prophylaxis, catheter design, connection techniques, patient training programs, use of dialysis solutions and care of the catheter exit site). The general recommendations for treatment of PD peritonitis have not changed substantially over time. For empirical primary treatment two intraperitoneally administered antibiotics covering gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens and selected with respect to the center-specific resistance pattern should be used. Use of aminoglycosides should be limited whenever possible to several days. Peritonitis due to Pseudomonas should be treated simultaneously with two effective antibiotics over a time period of 21–28 days. The indications for catheter removal are given more explicitly than in the previous guidelines. In every refractory, relapsing or recurrent episodes of peritonitis as well as principally for all cases of fungal peritonitis, removal of the catheter is recommended.

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Correspondence to T. Mettang.

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Mettang, T. Peritonitisbehandlung bei der Peritonealdialyse. Nephrologe 13, 403–410 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11560-018-0283-x

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