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Wann sollte bei monoklonaler Gammopathie eine Nierenbiopsie erfolgen?

When should a kidney biopsy be carried out in monoclonal gammopathy?

  • Leitthema
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Der Nephrologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die monoklonale Gammopathie renaler Signifikanz (MGRS) definiert eine durch Paraproteine hervorgerufene renale Schädigung, die im Rahmen der monoklonalen Gammopathie unklarer Signifikanz (MGUS) auftreten kann. Bei Nachweis einer MGRS ist die MGUS nicht mehr als monoklonale Gammopathie unklarer Signifikanz zu betrachten, da eine Organmanifestation vorliegt. Die MGRS erfüllt, bis auf die Tatsache des renalen Endorganschadens, alle Definitionskriterien einer MGUS, weist jedoch im Gegensatz zur MGUS eine deutlich schlechtere Prognose auf. Ist die renale Schädigung durch eine Cast-Nephropathie hervorgerufen, liegt definitionsgemäß ein multiples Myelom vor. Das mögliche Spektrum der renalen Schädigung bei MGRS ist sehr breit und bedarf einer nierenbioptischen Abklärung. AL(Leichtketten)-Amyloidosen, Leichtkettenablagerungserkrankungen und Glomerulonephritisformen, u. a. membranoproliferativ, sind mögliche Entitäten einer frühen Leichtkettenschädigung. Eine Nierenbiopsie bei Verdacht auf MGRS ist i.d.R. dann indiziert, wenn eine Koexistenz von monoklonaler Gammopathie und meist progredienten renalen Schädigungszeichen besteht. Daher ist es im Verlauf einer MGUS wichtig, regelmäßig nach renalen Schädigungszeichen (GFR[glomeruläre Filtrationsrate]-Verlauf, Proteinurie, Hämaturie) zu suchen, die bei Nachweis eine erweiterte Diagnostik mit Bestimmung von Immunfixation und der freien Leichtketten im Serum sowie einer Immunfixation im Urin veranlassen sollten. Bei pathologischen Befunden, insbesondere im Verlauf, sollte relativ niedrigschwellig eine Nierenbiopsie erfolgen, da eine frühe MGRS-Diagnose mit einer besseren Prognose einhergeht. Umgekehrt ist die MGRS immer in differenzialdiagnostische Überlegungen unklarer Proteinurien, Nierenversagen und renaler Pathologien einzubeziehen, vor allem bei Älteren.

Abstract

Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) defines paraprotein-induced renal injury that can occur during the course of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). The diagnosis of MGRS needs to be ultimately confirmed by kidney biopsy. In the case of detection of MGRS, the MGUS is no longer considered as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, since MGRS obviously defines an organ manifestation of the disease. The MGRS fulfills all definition criteria of MGUS, except for the fact of renal end-organ damage but is, however, associated with a worse prognosis in contrast to MGUS. If the renal damage is caused by light chain cast nephropathy, by definition a multiple myeloma is present. The possible spectrum of renal damage in MGRS is very broad and requires clarification by kidney biopsy. Light chain (AL) amyloidosis, light chain deposition disease and various forms of glomerulonephritis (GN), e. g. membranoproliferative GN, represent possible entities of early light chain damage. A kidney biopsy to clarify a suspected MGRS is indicated when there is coexistence of monoclonal gammopathy and progressive signs of renal damage. Therefore, in the follow-up of MGUS it is important to regularly screen for signs of renal damage, e.g. the course of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), proteinuria and hematuria, which if present should lead to extended diagnostics with determination of immunofixation and free light chains in serum and immunofixation in urine. In the case of pathological findings, especially during the course, a renal biopsy should be performed by a relatively low threshold of indication, since an early diagnosis of MGRS is accompanied by a better prognosis. Conversely, MGRS should always be included in the differential diagnostic considerations of unclear proteinuria, renal failure, and renal pathologies, especially in older patients.

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M. Busch und G. Wolf geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

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K. Amann, Erlangen

G. Wolf, Jena

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Busch, M., Wolf, G. Wann sollte bei monoklonaler Gammopathie eine Nierenbiopsie erfolgen?. Nephrologe 14, 5–13 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11560-018-0280-0

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