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Optimierung der Antiinfektivatherapie mittels therapeutischen Drug-Monitorings

Optimization of anti-infective therapy by means of therapeutic drug monitoring

  • Leitthema
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Der Nephrologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Im Bereich der Antibiotikatherapie ist das therapeutische Drug-Monitoring (TDM) für die Aminoglykosidantibiotika und das Glykopeptid Vancomycin etabliert mit dem Ziel, die Toxizität zu minimieren. Heute steht dagegen auch die Verbesserung der Effizienz der Arzneimitteltherapie im Vordergrund. Dosisempfehlungen für Antiinfektiva sind hauptsächlich in klinisch stabilen Patientenkollektiven oder bei gesunden Probanden generiert worden und finden Eingang in die Fachinformationen der Hersteller. Empfehlungen, die aus Post-Marketing-Studien generiert werden, stehen oftmals im Widerspruch zu den Herstellerangaben. Die Problematik, dass nur noch wenige Antibiotika von den Firmen neu entwickelt werden, und das zunehmende Problem der Antibiotikaresistenz müssen deshalb zu einer effektiven und individualisierten Dosierung der Antiinfektiva führen.

Schlussfolgerung

Das TDM ist als momentan beste Methodik anzusehen, um Dosisempfehlungen für bestimmte Antiinfektiva in relevanten Patientenpopulationen zu geben. Gerade bei kritisch kranken Patienten ist aufgrund der hohen Variabilität der pharmakokinetischen und pharmakodynamischen Parameter eine optimale Dosierung ohne Unterstützung durch TDM kaum möglich. Dosisreduktionen sind nicht so häufig erforderlich wie empfohlen, die Gefahr der Unterdosierung von Antiinfektiva bei septischen Patienten ist zweifellos schwerwiegender und häufiger als die Toxizität angesichts einer Überdosierung. Die weitere Entwicklung und Implementierung des TDM scheint eine adäquate Methode zu sein, optimale Dosierungen von Antibiotika und Antimykotika für den individuellen kritisch kranken Patienten einzusetzen.

Abstract

Background

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is very well established for the aminoglycosides gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin and for the glycopeptide vancomycin with the aim of minimizing the toxicity of the drugs. Nowadays, improvement of the efficacy of drug therapy is also given priority. Dosage recommendations for anti-infective drugs are mainly generated from clinically stable patients or healthy volunteers and are included on the official package insert and the label. Recommendations derived from post-marketing studies are frequently in conflict with the official information given by the manufacturer. The problem of only few new developments in anti-infective drugs and the growing problem of pathogen resistance should result in focussing on a more effective and individualized dosing of anti-infective drugs.

Conclusion

Currently TDM can be regarded as the best method of giving dosage recommendations for certain anti-infective drugs in the relevant patient populations. For critically ill patients in particular, an optimal dosing is barely possible without the support of TDM due to the great variability of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Dosage reductions might not only be unnecessary but could also have a deleterious effect by underdosing of antimicrobial drugs in patients with sepsis. This is without doubt more severe and frequent than toxicity in cases of overdosing. Further development and implementation of TDM seems to be an adequate method to use an optimal dosing of antibiotic and antimycotic drugs for each individual critically ill patient.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. S.M. Bode-Böger gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Correspondence to S.M. Bode-Böger MPH.

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Bode-Böger, S. Optimierung der Antiinfektivatherapie mittels therapeutischen Drug-Monitorings. Nephrologe 9, 457–464 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11560-014-0951-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11560-014-0951-4

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