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Primäre Hyperoxalurie

Primary hyperoxaluria

  • Leitthema
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Der Nephrologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die drei derzeit bekannten Formen der primären Hyperoxalurie (PH I–III) sind autosomal-rezessiv vererbte Erkrankungen des Glyoxylatstoffwechsels, die zu einer gesteigerten endogenen Produktion von Oxalat und damit zu einer extrem erhöhten Urinoxalatausscheidung (>1 mmol/1,73 m2 Körperoberfläche/Tag; normal <0,5) führen. Die Hauptsymptome der PH sind rezidivierende Urolithiasis und/oder progrediente Nephrokalzinose. Dies und chronische Inflammationsprozesse in den Nieren führen oft zum frühzeitigen Nierenversagen, vor allem bei PH I, und damit zu systemischen Ablagerungen von Kalziumoxalatkristallen. Diese „systemische Oxalose“ macht die PH zu einer Multisystemerkrankung. Die Diagnose einer PH wird oft spät und hier bei mehr als 30% der Patienten erst im terminalen Nierenversagen oder gar nach einer erfolglosen Nierentransplantation mit Rekurrenz der Oxalose gestellt. Die einzigen Behandlungsoptionen sind derzeit eine extrem erhöhte tägliche Flüssigkeitszufuhr sowie Medikamente, die die Löslichkeit von Oxalat im Urin steigern, wie z. B. Alkalizitrat. Eine Behandlung mit Pyridoxin reduziert die Oxalatausscheidung bei einem Drittel der Patienten mit PH I. Keine Form der Nierenersatztherapie eliminiert genügend Oxalat, deswegen sollte die Zeit an der Dialyse bis zur Transplantation so kurz wie möglich gehalten werden. Die kombinierte Leber-Nieren-Transplantation ist immer noch die Methode der Wahl bei PH I, bei PH II wird eine isolierte Nierentransplantation durchgeführt. Noch ist kein Patient mit PH III und Nierenversagen bekannt.

Abstract

The three currently known forms of primary hyperoxaluria (PH) types I, II and III are autosomal recessive inherited defects of glyoxylate metabolism resulting in overproduction of endogenous oxalate and hence extremely elevated urinary oxalate excretion (>1 mmol/1.73 m2 body surface area per day; normal <0.5). Primary clinical hallmarks of PH are recurrent urolithiasis and/or progressive nephrocalcinosis. These and chronic inflammatory processes often lead to early renal failure in most PH type I and in 20% of PH type II patients resulting in systemic deposition of calcium oxalate crystals, which makes PH an often fatal multisystemic disease. Diagnosis is often missed or delayed until end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or when isolated kidney transplantation has failed due to recurrent oxalosis. Treatment options are scarce, even in patients with an early diagnosis. High fluid intake and medication to increase urine solubility of oxalate, e.g. alkaline citrate, are the therapy of choice. Pyridoxine treatment in PH type I may reduce oxalate excretion in about one third of the patients. In ESRD time on dialysis should be short to avoid severe systemic oxalosis, which would worsen transplantation outcome. Transplantation methods are different depending on the PH type and the individual clinical course, but combined or sequential liver/kidney transplantation is still the method of choice in PH I, whereas isolated kidney transplantation is performed in PH II. No patient with PH III has yet been reported to develop ESRD.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. B. Hoppe weist auf folgenden Interessenkonflikt hin: OxThera AB, Schweden, Consultant Oxalobacter.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Hoppe, B. Primäre Hyperoxalurie. Nephrologe 9, 204–212 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11560-013-0848-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11560-013-0848-7

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