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Nichtinfektiöse tubulointerstitielle Nephritis

Non-infectious tubulointerstitial nephritis

Zusammenfassung

Die akute tubulointerstitelle Nephritis tritt meist als Reaktion auf Infekte oder Medikamente auf. Die Symptome der akuten Form sind hoch akut: Flankenschmerzen, Fieber, Oligoanurie. Doch die Symptome können auch subakut sein oder ganz fehlen. Wenn dadurch die anzuschuldigende Medikation fortgeführt wird, kommt es zum Übergang in eine chronische interstitielle Nephritis. Diese ist häufig das Endstadium anderer Nierenschäden, z. B. chronischer Infektionen, aber auch immunologischer Erkrankungen einschließlich der chronischen Transplantatabstoßung. Die Analgetikanephropathie als Folge einer jahrelangen Einnahme von Mischanalgetika ist deutlich zurückgegangen, durch soziokulturell bedingte Verhaltensänderung oder auch durch Änderung des Medikamentenangebotes. Das klassische Merkmal dieser toxischen Nierenschädigung sind Papillennekrosen. Die „Chinese herbs nephropathy“ und die Balkan-Nephropathie sind ebenfalls toxische Nephropathien, hervorgerufen durch Aristolochia-Gewächse, teils in chinesischen Tees, teils durch Kontamination von Getreide mit der gemeinsam wachsenden Pflanze. Bei den toxischen Nephropathien kommt es vermehrt zu Urothelkarzinomen.

Abstract

Acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis is usually a reaction to infection or medication. The symptoms of the acute form may be lumbar pain, fever, and oligo-anuria, sometimes exanthema. However, symptoms may also be subacute or absent. If medication is continued in this setting, the nephritis may become chronic and irreversible. Chronic interstitial nephritis is often the end-stage of other renal diseases, in particular chronic infection, but also immunological diseases including chronic renal allograft rejection. Analgesic nephropathy due to the intake of mixed analgesics over many years has become rare, either due to socio-cultural changes or to changes in the range of medications on offer. The classic diagnostic sign of toxic nephropathy is papillary necrosis. Both Chinese herbs nephropathy and Balkan nephropathy are also toxic nephropathies caused by the Aristolochia plant, partly in the form of Chinese tea preparations and partly as a result of grain contamination due to plants growing in close proximity to one another. Toxic nephropathies are often associated with urothelial carcinoma.

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Schwarz, A. Nichtinfektiöse tubulointerstitielle Nephritis. Nephrologe 5, 299–306 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11560-010-0416-3

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