Abstract
The genus Sistotrema is supposed to be polyphyletic. This idea is supported by the existence of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal Sistotrema species. We show for the first time that the type species Sistotrema confluens Pers. is ectomycorrhizal by ITS rDNA sequence identity of fruiting bodies and underneath growing ectomycorrhizas. The accompanying anatomical description of the ectomycorrhiza is in correspondence with previously published descriptions of Sistotrema ectomycorrhizas, especially the presence of ampullate hyphae. The ectomycorrhizal status and the deviating fruiting body morphology (partially stipitate versus resupinate in all other Sistotrema species) indicate a relationship of S. confluens to the ectomycorrhizal genus Hydnum. A phylogram of ITS rDNA sequences cannot resolve the basal polytomies in the genus Sistotrema but confirms the monophyly of the genus Hydnum. Thus, S. confluens is not more closely related to Hydnum than to ectomycorrhizal Sistotrema species. The proof of the ectomycorrhizal status of S. confluens can be of value in a future revision of phylogenetic relationships within the group of Hydnum and ectomycorrhizal Sistotrema species.
References
Agerer R (2001) Exploration types of ectomycorrhizae, a proposal to classify ectomycorrhizal mycelial systems according to their patterns of differentiation and putative ecological importance. Mycorrhiza 11:107–114. doi:10.1007/s005720100108
Agerer R, Rambold G (2004–2013) [First posted on 2004-06-01; most recent update: 2011-01-10] DEEMY—an information system for characterization and determination of ectomycorrhizae. www.deemy.de – München, Germany
Agerer R, Danielson R, Ingleby K, Luoma D, Treu R (eds) (1998–2006) Descriptions of Ectomycorrhizae, vol 1–16
Bresinsky A, Jarosch M, Fischer M, Schönberger I, Wittmann-Bresinsky B (1999) Phylogenetic relationships within Paxillus s. l. (Basidiomycetes, Boletales): separation of a Southern hemisphere genus. Plant Biol 1:327–333. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1999.tb00260.x
DiMarino E, Scattolin L, Bodensteiner P, Agerer R (2008) Sistotrema is a genus with ectomycorrhizal species—confirmation of what sequence studies already suggested. Mycol Prog 7:169–176. doi:10.1007/s11557-008-0562-4
Hibbett DS, Gilbert L-B, Donoghue MJ (2000) Evolutionary instability of ectomycorrhizal symbioses in basidiomycetes. Nature 407:506–508. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v407/n6803/suppinfo/407506a0_S1.html
Larsson KH (2007) Re-thinking the classification of corticioid fungi. Mycol Res 111:1040–1063. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.001
Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Aime MC, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJW, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Thorn RG, Jacobsson S, Clemencon H, Miller OK (2002) One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 23:357–400. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1
Münzenberger B, Bubner B, Wöllecke J, Sieber TN, Bauer R, Fladung M, Hüttl RF (2009) The ectomycorrhizal morphotype Pinirhiza sclerotia is formed by Acephala macrosclerotiorum sp. nov., a close relative of Phialocephala fortinii. Mycorrhiza 19:481–492. doi:10.1007/s00572-009-0239-0
Münzenberger B, Schneider B, Nilsson HR, Bubner B, Larsson KH, Hüttl RF (2012) Morphology, anatomy, and molecular studies of the ectomycorrhiza formed axenically by the fungus Sistotrema sp. (Basidiomycota). Mycol Prog 11:817–826. doi:10.1007/s11557-011-0797-3
Nilsson RH, Larsson K-H, Larsson E, Kõljalg U (2006) Fruiting body-guided molecular identification of root-tip mantle mycelia provides strong indications of ectomycorrhizal associations in two species of Sistotrema (Basidiomycota). Mycol Res 110:1426–1432. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.09.017
Stamatakis A, Hoover P, Rougemont J (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web servers. Syst Biol 57:758–771. doi:10.1080/10635150802429642
Acknowledgments
We thank Katja Kühdorf for assistance in preparing the micro drawings of mantle anatomy and Monika Roth and Petra Knauer for assistance in the laboratory. Comments of Reinhard Agerer improved the short description of the ectomycorrhiza.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bubner, B., Morgner, C., Stark, W. et al. Proof of ectomycorrhizal status of Sistotrema confluens Pers., the type species of the polyphyletic genus Sistotrema . Mycol Progress 13, 973 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-014-0973-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-014-0973-3