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Trichoderma stromaticum and its overseas relatives

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Abstract

Trichoderma stromaticum, T. rossicum and newly discovered species form a unique lineage in Trichoderma. Phylogenetic and phenotypic diversity in Trichoderma stromaticum are examined in the light of reported differences in ecological parameters and AFLP patterns. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis using 4 genes (tef1, rbp2, cal, chi18-5) did not reveal phylogenetic basis for the two reported divergent AFLP patterns or for ecological parameters; however, this analysis does indicate incomplete speciation with one supported clade derived from within T. stromaticum that corresponds to AFLP Group 2 of de Souza et al. (2006, Phytopathology 96:61–67). Trichoderma stromaticum is known only from tropical America and is typically found in association with Theobroma cacao infected with Moniliophthora perniciosa. It is reported here for the first time on pseudostromata of M. roreri in Peru. Strains of T. stromaticum also have been isolated as endophytes from stems of Theo. cacao. There are no recognized close relatives of T. stromaticum in tropical America. The closest relatives of T. stromaticum are collected in Africa and Thailand; somewhat more distantly related are T. rossicum and T. barbatum, both found in north temperate regions.

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Acknowledgments

The following individuals contributed cultures used in this research: Adriaana Jacobs and Michael Wingfield (Republic of South Africa); Ismaiel Kibbe (Côte d’Ivoire), John Bissett (Canada), Christian Kubicek and Irina Druzhinina (Austria), Carmen Suarez (Ecuador), Whillys Soberanis and Enrique Arevalo-Giardini (Peru), Alan Pomella (Brazil); Harry Evans, Keith Holmes and Sarah Thomas (UK); Rabio Olatinwo, Annemieke Schilder and Prakash Hebbar (USA). Didier Begoude (Cameroon) enabled collecting in the Reserve Faunal du Dja. Nigel Hywell-Jones and Rungtip Nasit facilitated collecting in the UNESCO World Heritage Site Khao Yai National Park (Thailand). Orlando Petrini corrected the Latin descriptions. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

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  1. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Lab, United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Rm 304, B-011A, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA

    Gary J. Samuels & Adnan Ismaiel

  2. Centro de Ciências Agrárias Biológicas e Ambientais (CCABA), Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), Centro, Cruz das Almas, BA, 44380-000, Brazil

    Jorge de Souza

  3. Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    Priscila Chaverri

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  1. Gary J. Samuels
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Correspondence to Gary J. Samuels.

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Samuels, G.J., Ismaiel, A., de Souza, J. et al. Trichoderma stromaticum and its overseas relatives. Mycol Progress 11, 215–254 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-011-0743-4

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