Abstract
This paper presents an FPGA-based architecture for local tone mapping of gray scale high dynamic range images. The architecture is described in VHDL and has been synthesized using Altera Quartus tools. It achieves an operating frequency consistent with a video rate of 60 frames per second for a frame of 1,024 × 768 pixels. The proposed architecture is a modification of the nine-scale Reinhard operator. Approximations to the original Reinhard operator ensure that the operator is amenable to implementation in hardware. A peak signal-to-noise ratio study shows that our fixed-point hardware approximation produces results similar to a floating-point original.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Choudhury, P., Tumblin, J.: The trilateral filter for high contrast images and meshes. In: Proceedings of the Eurographics Symposium on Rendering, pp. 186–196 (2003)
Chui, K., Herf, M., Shirley, P., Swamy, S., Wang, C., Zimmerman, K.: Spatially nonuniform scaling functions for high contrast images. In: Proceedings of Graphics Interface, pp. 245–253 (1993)
Debevec, P.E., Malik, J.: Recovering high dynamic range radiance maps from photographs. In: Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 369–378 (1997)
Drago, F., Myszkowski, K., Annen, T., Chiba, N.: Adaptive logarithmic mapping for displaying high contrast scenes. Computer Graphics Forum, In: 24th Annual Conference of the Eurographics Association, pp. 419–426 (2003)
Durand, F., Dorsey, J.: Interactive tone mapping. In: Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques, pp. 219–232 (2000)
Durand, F., Dorsey, J.: Fast bilateral filtering for the display of high dynamic range images. In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 257–266 (2002)
Fairchild, M.D., Johnson, G.M.: Meet iCAM: An image color appearance model. In: IS&T/SID 8th Color Imaging Conference, pp. 33–38 (2002)
Fattal, R., Lischinski, D., Werman, M.: Gradient domain high dynamic range compression. In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 249–256 (2002)
Goodnight, N., Wang, R., Woolley, C., Humphreys, G.: Interactive time-dependent tone mapping using programmable graphics hardware. In: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series: 14th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, pp. 26–37 (2003)
Hau, T.N., Li, T., Vijayan, K.A.: A nonlinear technique for enhancement of color images: an architectural perspective for real-time applications. In: Proceeding of the 33rd applied imagery pattern recognition workshop, pp. 124–129 (2004)
Hines, G.D., Rahman, Z., Jobson, D.J., Woodell, G.A.: DSP implementation of the Retinex image enhancement algorithm. In: Proceedings of the SPIE Visual Information Processing XIII, pp. 13–24 (2004)
Jobson, D.J., Rahman, Z., Woodell, G.A.: Properties and performance of a center/surround Retinex. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 6, 451–462 (1997)
Jobson, D.J., Rahman, Z., Woodell, G.A.: A multiscale Retinex for bridging the gap between color images and the human observation of scenes. IEEE Trans. Image Proces. 6, 965–976 (1997)
Johnson, G.M., Fairchild, M.D.: Rendering HDR images. In: Proceedings of IS&T/SID 11th Color Imaging Conference, pp. 36–41 (2003)
Krawczyk, G., Myszkowski, K., Seidel, H.-P.: Perceptual effects in real-time tone mapping. In: Proceedings of the 21st Spring Conference on Computer Graphics, pp. 195–202 (2005)
Larson, G.W., Rushmeier, H., Piatko, C.: A visibility matching tone reproduction operator for high dynamic range scenes. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 3, 291–306 (1997)
Ledda, P., Chalmers, A., Troscianko, T., Seetzen, H.: Evaluation of tone mapping operators using a high dynamic range display. ACM Trans. Graph. 24, 640–648 (2005)
Ledda, P., Santos, L.P., Chalmers, A.: A local model of eye adaptation for high dynamic range images. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computer Graphics, Virtual Reality, Visualization and Interaction in Africa, pp. 151–160 (2004)
Ledda, P., Ward, G., Chalmers, A.: A wide field, high dynamic range, stereographic viewer. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and South East Asia, pp. 237–244 (2003)
Oberman, S.F., Flynn, M.J.: Division algorithms and implementations. IEEE Trans. Comput. 4, 833–854 (1997)
Pattanaik, S.N., Tumblin, J., Yee, H., Greenberg, D.P.: Time-dependent visual adaptation for fast realistic image display. In: Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 47–54 (2000)
Pattanaik, S.N., Ferwerda, J.A., Fairchild, M.D., Greenberg, D.P.: A multiscale model of adaptation and spatial vision for realistic image display. In: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 287–298 (1998)
Reinhard, E., Stark, M., Shirley, P., Ferwerda, J.: Photographic tone reproduction for digital images. In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 267–276 (2002)
Seetzen, H., Heidrich, W., Stuerzlinger, W., Ward, G., Whitehead, L., Trentacoste, M., Ghosh, A., Vorozcovs, A.: High dynamic range display systems. ACM Trans. Graph. 23, 760–768 (2004)
Tumblin, J., Rushmeier, H.: Tone reproduction for realistic images. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 13, 42–48 (1993)
Tumblin, J., Turk, G.: LCIS: a boundary hierarchy for detail-preserving contrast reduction. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 83–90 (1999)
WWW:“HDRMPEG-4”. http://www.mpi-inf.mpeg.de/resources/hdrvideo/index.htm
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hassan, F., Carletta, J.E. An FPGA-based architecture for a local tone-mapping operator. J Real-Time Image Proc 2, 293–308 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11554-007-0056-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11554-007-0056-7