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Mammography and MRI for screening women who underwent chest radiation therapy (lymphoma survivors): recommendations for surveillance from the Italian College of Breast Radiologists by SIRM

  • BREAST RADIOLOGY
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Abstract

Women who underwent chest radiation therapy (CRT) during pediatric/young-adult age (typically, lymphoma survivors) have an increased breast cancer risk, in particular for high doses. The cumulative incidence from 40 to 45 years of age is 13–20 %, similar to that of BRCA mutation carriers for whom contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended. However, in women who underwent CRT, MRI sensitivity is lower (63–80 %) and that of mammography higher (67–70 %) than those observed in women with hereditary predisposition, due to a higher incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ with microcalcifications and low neoangiogenesis. A sensitivity close to 95 % can be obtained only using mammography as an adjunct to MRI. Considering the available evidence, women who underwent CRT before 30 receiving a cumulative dose ≥10 Gy should be invited after 25 (or, at least, 8 years after CRT) to attend the following program: 1. interview about individual risk profile and potential of breast imaging; 2. annual MRI using the same protocol recommended for women with hereditary predisposition; 3. annual bilateral two-view full-field digital mammography or digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) with synthetic 2D reconstructions. Mammography and MRI can be performed at once or alternately every 6 months. In the case of MRI or contrast material contraindications, ultrasound will be performed instead of MRI. Reporting using BI-RADS is recommended. At the age for entering population screening, the individual risk profile will be discussed with the woman about opting for only mammography/DBT screening or for continuing the intensive protocol.

Riassunto

Le donne sottoposte a radioterapia toracica (RTT) in età pediatrica o giovane-adulta, tipicamente per linfoma di Hodgkin, hanno un rischio aumentato di sviluppare tumore mammario (TM), in particolare quelle trattate con RTT ad alte dosi. L’incidenza cumulativa di TM tra 40 e 45 anni è del 13–20 %, simile a quella delle donne BRCA mutate, per le quali è ormai consolidata l’indicazione alla risonanza magnetica (RM) con mezzo di contrasto (MdC) annuale. Tuttavia, rispetto agli studi di screening delle donne ad elevato rischio eredo-familiare, nelle donne sottoposte a RTT si è osservata una sensibilità relativamente maggiore della mammografia e relativamente minore della RM con MdC, correlate alla maggiore incidenza di carcinoma duttale in situ con microcalcificazioni e minore neoangiogenesi. Sulla base dell’evidenza disponibile, le donne sottoposte a RTT prima dei 30 anni di età con dose cumulativa ≥10 Gy dovrebbero essere invitate a partire dai 25 anni o almeno da 8 anni dopo la RTT a partecipare a un programma di sorveglianza che preveda: 1. colloquio informativo finalizzato all’informazione della donna sul proprio livello di rischio correlato alla RTT e ad eventuali altri fattori e sul potenziale delle tecniche di imaging; 2. RM con MdC bilaterale annuale con il medesimo protocollo raccomandato per lo screening delle donne ad elevato rischio eredo-familiare; 3. mammografia digitale bilaterale annuale o tomosintesi con ricostruzioni 2D (proiezioni cranio-caudale e medio-laterale obliqua). Mammografia e RM possono essere eseguite contestualmente o alternate a cadenza semestrale. Reperti ed indagini mammografiche e RM saranno classificati secondo la scala categoriale BI-RADS. Nel caso di controindicazioni alla RM o alla somministrazione di MdC paramagnetico, sarà eseguita ecografia mammaria bilaterale anche in presenza di mammografia negativa, contestualmente alla mammografia o con alternanza semestrale. Al raggiungimento dell’età per l’invito ai programmi di screening organizzato, il profilo di rischio della donna sarà rivalutato e discusso al fine di decidere se optare per l’adesione al protocollo di screening basato su mammografia (eventualmente tomosintesi) annuale o biennale o per la prosecuzione dello screening intensivo con mammografia e RM annuali. Si raccomanda che il presente protocollo di sorveglianza sia effettuato presso centri di radiologia senologica che rispettino i requisiti quali/quantitativi definiti da linee-guida internazionali e che tutti i dati relativi all’applicazione del protocollo, ivi compresi i cancri d’intervallo, siano raccolti mediante database informatizzato al fine di consentire analisi di performance diagnostica e di efficacia su scala multicentrica.

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Correspondence to Francesco Sardanelli.

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Mariscotti, G., Belli, P., Bernardi, D. et al. Mammography and MRI for screening women who underwent chest radiation therapy (lymphoma survivors): recommendations for surveillance from the Italian College of Breast Radiologists by SIRM. Radiol med 121, 834–837 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-016-0667-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-016-0667-9

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