Effects of Fungicide and Rate of Application on the Development of Isolates of Polyscytalum pustulans Resistant to Thiabendazole and on the Control of Skin Spot

Abstract

Resistance to thiabendazole, sometimes of varying degrees, has occurred in a number of fungal species causing diseases of potato tubers, including skin spot caused by Polyscytalum pustulans. The effect of applying a range of concentrations of thiabendazole, imazalil or a formulated mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil on the development of isolates of P. pustulans partially or fully resistant to thiabendazole and on the control of skin spot over a number of successive generations of seed potato multiplication was examined in a series of experiments over 3 years. Seed tubers were inoculated with a sensitive, partially resistant or fully resistant isolate in the first year of an experiment and combinations of fungicide and a range of concentrations were applied to the seed tubers annually before planting over two or three successive generations. Immersing seed tubers inoculated with the partially resistant isolate in a relatively high concentration of thiabendazole, 0.7 g a.i. l^-1, did not result in the development of fully resistant isolates. Moreover, the effect of all fungicides in controlling eye contamination and skin spot did not differ between partially and fully resistant isolates. For seed tubers inoculated with the sensitive isolate, applying thiabendazole resulted in the occurrence of resistant isolates on first-generation daughter tubers, but the effect of fungicide concentration on the frequency of resistant isolates, partially or fully resistant, was inconsistent. In one experiment, the highest frequency of resistance was found at the greatest concentration, 0.4 g a.i. l^-1, but, in the second experiment, the frequency was unaffected by the concentration of thiabendazole. On second-generation daughter tubers derived from thiabendazole-treated seed tubers, virtually all isolates were resistant and the frequency of partially and fully resistant isolates was similar to that in the first generation. Applying a mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil to seed tubers inoculated with a sensitive isolate resulted in the development of some resistant isolates in the first year but the frequency did not generally increase with successive applications of the mixture. A mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil, and imazalil alone gave similar control of eye contamination when applied at equivalent concentrations. However, increasing the concentration of imazalil from 0.1 to 0.7 g imazalil l^-1 did result in an increasing impairment of plant growth, but the deposits achieved within that range of concentrations were greater than that recommended by the manufacturer. These results demonstrate that control of P. pustulans by thiabendazole, imazalil and a mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil applied at a range of concentrations was similar for isolates partially or fully resistant to thiabendazole.