Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The Case for Captioned Lectures in Australian Higher Education

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
TechTrends Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article provides a case for the benefits of captioning recorded lecture content in the Australian higher education sector. While online lecture captioning has traditionally been provided on a case-by-case basis to help students who are deaf or hard of hearing, this paper argues for a mainstream approach in order to benefit a range of student groups both with and without disability. It begins with some background on the regulation and technology context for captioning in higher education and online learning in Australia. This is followed by a review of the current literature on the benefits of captioning to a wide range of students both disabled and non-disabled, the perceived barriers to captioning, and how the increasing internationalisation of the university context effects captioning options, both culturally and commercially. The paper concludes by suggesting that it may be inevitable that all recorded lecture content will need to be captioned in the future and highlights the potential benefits to Australian universities to move quickly to embrace this existing technology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alty, J. L., Al-Sharrah, A., & Beacham, N. (2006). When humans form media and media form humans: an experimental study examining the effects different digital media have on the learning outcomes of students who have different learning styles. Interacting with Computers, 18(5), 891–909.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Australian Human Rights Commission. (2012). Disability Discrimination Act Action Plans: A Guide for the Tertiary Education Sector. Retrieved from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/disability-discrimination-act-action-plans-guide-tertiary-education-sector.

  • Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beacham, N. A., & Alty, J. L. (2006). An investigation into the effects that digital media can have on the learning outcomes of individuals who have dyslexia. Computers & Education, 47(1), 74–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bean, R. M., & Wilson, R. M. (1989). Using closed captioned television to teach reading to adults. Reading Research and Instruction, 28(4), 27–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R., & Kent, M. (2017). Any colour as long as it’s black! MOOCs, (post) Fordism and inequality. In R. Bennett & M. Kent (Eds.), Massive open online courses and higher education: What went right, what went wrong and where to next? New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilowus, M. (2013). How Online Learning Can Benefit Deaf and Hard of Hearing People (Master’s Thesis). Rochester Institute of Technology.

  • Block, M. H., & Okrand, M. (1983). Real-time closed-captioned television as an educational tool. American Annals of the Deaf, 128(5), 636–641.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, L. (2014). YouTube captions for increased views and user engagement. Retrieved from http://www.3playmedia.com/2014/04/11/interview-tim-schmoyer-adding-captions-youtube-videos-increase-views-engagement/.

  • Borgaonkar, R. (2013). Captioning for classroom lecture videos. University of Houston. Retrieved from https://uh-ir.tdl.org/uh-ir/handle/10657/517.

  • Bowe, F. G., & Kaufman, A. (2001). Captioned media: teacher perceptions of potential value for students with no hearing impairments. Captioned Media Program. Retrieved from https://www.dcmp.org/public_content/caai/nadh51.pdf.

  • Bumbalek, Z., Zelenka, J., & Kencl, L. (2012). Cloud-based assistive speech-transcription services. In: K. Miesenberger, A. Karshmer, P. Penaz, & W. Zagler (Eds.), Computers helping people with special needs, Pt II (Vol. 7383, pp. 113–116), Berlin: Springer.

  • Burgstahler, S. (n.d.). Real connections: making distance learning accessible to everyone | DO-IT. University of Washington. Retrieved from http://www.washington.edu/doit/real-connections-making-distance-learning-accessible-everyone.

  • Burnham, D., Jones, C., Leigh, G., Noble, W., Brown, H., Varley, A., et al. (2010). Who uses television captions, When and Why? Analyses based on the Australian television caption users survey. Asia Pacific Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing, 13(2), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1179/136132810805335083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavender, A. C. (2010). Collaborative, multimedia solutions for improving educational access for deaf and hard of hearing students (Ph.D. Thesis). University of Washington, Washington, United States. Retrieved from http://gradworks.umi.com/34/21/3421543.html.

  • Dailey, R., & Lattuca, L. (2006). Accommodating the challenges: giving disabled students equality in the curriculum/peer review response: enabling learning. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 61(3), 242–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deshpande, R., Tuna, T., Subhlok, J., & Barker, L. (2014). A crowdsourcing caption editor for educational videos. In: Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 2014 IEEE (pp. 1–8). IEEE.

  • Elliot, L., Foster, S., & Stinson, M. (2002). Student study habits using notes from a speech-to-text support service. Exceptional Children, 69(1), 25–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, K. (2015). Netflix closed captions offer an accessible model for the streaming video industry, but what about audio description? Communication, Politics & Culture, 47(3), 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evmenova, A. S. (2008). Lights. Camera. Captions: The effects of picture and/or word captioning adaptations, alternative narration, and interactive features on video comprehension by students with intellectual disabilities (Ph.D.). George Mason University, United States -- Virginia.

  • Evmenova, A. S., & Behrmann, M. M. (2014). Enabling access and enhancing comprehension of video content for postsecondary students with intellectual disability. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 49(1), 45–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, M., Bradley, A., & Healey, M. (2004a). Incorporating disabled students within an inclusive higher education environment. Disability & Society, 19(5), 455–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, M., Healey, M., Bradley, A., & Hall, T. (2004b). Barriers to learning: a systematic study of the experience of disabled students in one university. Studies in Higher Education, 29(3), 303–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garman, J. (2011). Autistic spectrum, captions and audio description. Retrieved from http://mindfulresearch.co.uk/2011/08/29/autistic-spectrum-captions-and-audio-description/.

  • Gernsbacher, M. A. (2015). Video captions benefit everyone. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(1), 195–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, E. (2015). Who uses closed captions? Not just the deaf or hard of hearing. Retrieved from http://www.3playmedia.com/2015/08/28/who-uses-closed-captions-not-just-the-deaf-or-hard-of-hearing/.

  • Griffin, E. (2016). The future of video captioning according to google. Retrieved from http://www.3playmedia.com/2016/03/05/the-future-of-video-captioning-according-to-google/.

  • Healey, M., Bradley, A., Fuller, M., & Hall, T. (2006). Listening to students: the experiences of disabled students of learning at university. Towards Inclusive Learning in Higher Education: Developing Curricula for Disabled Students, pp. 32–43.

  • Knight, V., McKissick, B. R., & Saunders, A. (2013). A review of technology-based interventions to teach academic skills to students with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(11), 2628–2648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koskinen, P. S., Wilson, R. M., & Jensema, C. J. (1985). Closed-captioned television: a new tool for reading instruction. Reading World, 24(4), 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kushalnagar, R. S., Lasecki, W. S., & Bigham, J. P. (2014). Accessibility evaluation of classroom captions. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS), 5(3), 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leask, B. (2009). Using formal and informal curricula to improve interactions between home and international students. Journal of Studies in International Education, 13, 205–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, T. (2015). Harvard and M.I.T. are sued over lack of closed captions. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/13/education/harvard-and-mit-sued-over-failing-to-caption-online-courses.html.

  • Lewis, D., & Brown, V. (2012). Multimedia and ADHD learners: are subtitles beneficial or detrimental? In: annual meeting of the AECT International Convention, The Galt House, Louisville. Retrieved from http://www.aect.org/pdf/proceedings12/2012/12_17.pdf.

  • Linebarger, D. L. (2001). Learning to read from television: the effects of using captions and narration. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(2), 288–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linebarger, D., Piotrowski, J. T., & Greenwood, C. R. (2010). On-screen print: the role of captions as a supplemental literacy tool. Journal of Research in Reading, 33(2), 148–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madriaga, M., Hanson, K., Heaton, C., Kay, H., Newitt, S., & Walker, A. (2010). Confronting similar challenges? Disabled and non-disabled students’ learning and assessment experiences. Studies in Higher Education, 35(6), 647–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maiorana-Basas, M., & Pagliaro, C. M. (2014). Technology use among adults who are deaf and hard of hearing: a national survey. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 19(3), 400–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marschark, M., Leigh, G., Sapere, P., Burnham, D., Convertino, C., Stinson, M., et al. (2006). Benefits of sign language interpreting and text alternatives for deaf students’ classroom learning. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 11(4), 421–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, R. E. (2001). Multimedia learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, R. E. (2014). Research-based principles for designing multimedia instruction. In: V. Benassi, C. E. Overson, & C. Hakala (Eds.), Applying science of learning in education: infusing psychological science into the curriculum. The Society for the Teaching of Psychology. Retrieved from http://hilt.harvard.edu/files/hilt/files/background_reading.pdf.

  • Media Access Australia. (2014). Captions supporting students with autism. Retrieved from http://www.mediaaccess.org.au/latest_news/education/captions-supporting-students-with-autism.

  • MIT. (2016). Accessibility: captions and transcripts. Retrieved 27 October 2016, from https://ux.mit.edu/accessibility/captions.

  • Montero Perez, M., Van Den Noortgate, W., & Desmet, P. (2013). Captioned video for l2 listening and vocabulary learning: a meta-analysis. System, 41(3), 720–739.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montero Perez, M., Peters, E., Clarebout, G., & Desmet, P. (2014). Effects of captioning on video comprehension and incidental vocabulary learning. Language, Learning and Technology, 18(1), 118–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, R., & Mayer, R. E. (2002). Verbal redundancy in multimedia learning: when reading helps listening. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(1), 156–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neuman, S. B., & Koskinen, P. (1992). Captioned television as comprehensible input: effects of incidental word learning from context for language minority students. Reading Research Quarterly, 27(1), 94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OPA. (2015). Justice Department Reaches Settlement with edX Inc., Provider of Massive Open Online Courses, to Make its Website, Online Platform and Mobile Applications Accessible Under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Retrieved 17 May 2016, from https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-reaches-settlement-edx-inc-provider-massive-open-online-courses-make-its.

  • Ozdemir, M., & Izmirli, S. (2016). The effects of captioning videos on academic achievement and motivation: reconsideration of redundancy principle in instructional videos. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 19(4), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pachman, M., & Ke, F. (2012). Environmental support hypothesis in designing multimedia training for older adults: Is less always more? Computers & Education, 58(1), 100–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representations: a dual coding approach. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranchal, R., Taber-Doughty, T., Guo, Y., Bain, K., Martin, H., Robinson, J. P., & Duerstock, B. S. (2013). Using speech recognition for real-time captioning and lecture transcription in the classroom. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 6(4), 299–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reagon, K. A., Higbee, T. S., & Endicott, K. (2007). Using video instruction procedures with and without embedded text to teach object labeling to preschoolers with autism: a preliminary investigation. Journal of Special Education Technology, 22(1), 13–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, D., Harbour, W., Johnston, C. S., Daley, S., & Abarbanell, L. (2006). Universal design for learning in postsecondary education: reflections on principles and their application. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 19(2), 17 Retrieved from http://makelearninghappen.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/UDLinPostsecondary.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapp, W. (2009). Universal design: online educational media for students with disabilities. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 103(8), 495–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, M. J., & Haydu, M. L. (1992). The older hearing-impaired adult in the classroom: real-time closed captioning as a technological alternative to the oral lecture. Educational Gerontology, 18(3), 273–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schweppe, J., & Rummer, R. (2016). Integrating written text and graphics as a desirable difficulty in long-term multimedia learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 131–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selingo, J. J. (2014). MOOC U: Who Is Getting the Most Out of Online Education and Why. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shadiev, R., Hwang, W.-Y., Chen, N.-S., & Huang, Y.-M. (2014). Review of speech-to-text recognition technology for enhancing learning. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 17(4), 65–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea, P. (2000). Leveling the playing field: a study of captioned interactive video for second language learning. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 22(3), 243–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinfeld, A. (1998). The benefit of real-time captioning in a mainstream classroom as measured by working memory. Volta Review, 100(1), 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stinson, M. S., Elliot, L. B., Kelly, R. R., & Liu, Y. (2009). Deaf and hard-of-hearing students’ memory of lectures with speech-to-text and interpreting/note taking services. Journal of Special Education, 43(1), 52–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuna, T., Subhlok, J., Barker, L., Varghese, V., Johnson, O., & Shah, S. (2012). Development and evaluation of indexed captioned searchable videos for STEM coursework. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 43rd ACM technical symposium on Computer Science Education, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.

  • Udo, J. P., & Fels, D. I. (2010). The rogue poster-children of universal design: closed captioning and audio description. Journal of Engineering Design, 21(2), 207–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wactlar, H. D., Kanade, T., Smith, M. A., & Stevens, S. M. (1996). Intelligent access to digital video: informedia project. Computer, 29(5), 46–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wald, M. (2006a). An exploration of the potential of Automatic Speech Recognition to assist and enable receptive communication in higher education. Research in Learning Technology, 14(1), 9–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wald, M. (2006b). Creating accessible educational multimedia through editing automatic speech recognition captioning in real time. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 3(2), 131–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheatly, M. G., Flach, J., Shingledecker, C., & Golshani, F. (2010). Delivering on the promise of Plato’s academy: educational accessibility for the 21st century. Disability & Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 5(2), 79–82 4p.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittrock, M. C. (1989). Generative processes of comprehension. Educational Psychologist, 24, 345–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • YouTube Help. (2016). Add subtitles & closed captions. Retrieved 13 May 2016, from https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2734796?hl=en.

Download references

Funding

Curtin University Teaching Excellence Development Fund 2016

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katie Ellis.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

This research has been approved by the Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee (Approval No. RDHU-10-16-07).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kent, M., Ellis, K., Latter, N. et al. The Case for Captioned Lectures in Australian Higher Education. TechTrends 62, 158–165 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-017-0225-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-017-0225-x

Keywords

Navigation