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Urban Green Space Is Spatially Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Occurrence in Women of Mashhad: a Spatial Analysis of Influential Factors on their Presence in Urban Green Spaces

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Abstract

Chronic diseases have spread around the world. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the most important of the chronic diseases and the leading cause of death in women of Mashhad, are impacted by environmental factors. Urban green spaces (UGSs) are important environmental factors playing a critical role in the prevention and control of CVD. Spatial analysis is useful in understanding the application of UGSs in CVD prevention. To identify the spatial distribution of CVD in Mashhad, Moran’s index was used and 7539 home addresses of female patients with CVD were imported into ArcMap. Moran’s coefficient was estimated to be 0.34, revealing a clustered distribution of CVD. The spatial autocorrelation between CVD and UGSs was analyzed using Moran’s I. Moran’s I index value was calculated to be − 0.15, and four types of clusters were identified in eight sub-districts of Mashhad municipality. To find the factors influencing the presence in UGSs among women affected by CVD, 607 female patients living in the selected sub-districts were asked to take part in a telephone survey. Data were analyzed using ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) at block level (343 statistical blocks in total). Accordingly, the spatial diversity and effects of three variables of income, level of education, and access to UGSs among female patients with CVD were measured. According to OLS results and the standard residual, two clusters were removed. Finally, vulnerable blocks were identified that could be helpful in the development of prevention policies and place-based interventions.

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate of three hospitals managers (Imam Reza, Ghaem and Dr. Shariati) for providing health data. Also, the editor and anonymous referees for valuable comments.

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  1. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Mohammad Rahim Rahnama & Lia Shaddel

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Rahnama, M.R., Shaddel, L. Urban Green Space Is Spatially Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Occurrence in Women of Mashhad: a Spatial Analysis of Influential Factors on their Presence in Urban Green Spaces. J Urban Health 96, 653–668 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00373-1

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