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Skills assessment metrics of electric powered wheelchair driving in a virtual environment: a survey

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Abstract

The purpose of this review is to present studies on the parameters for assessing the skills of users of electric wheelchair driving simulators in a virtual environment. In addition, this study also aims to identify the most widely used and validated parameters for the quantification of electric wheelchair driving ability in a virtual environment and to suggest challenges for future research. To carry out this research, the criteria of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were adopted. Literature searches in English, French, and Portuguese were conducted up to December 2020 in the PubMed, SciELO, Science Direct, World Wide Science, and Scopus databases. The keywords used were electric wheelchair, simulator, performance indicators, performance skills, driving skills, training platform, virtual environment, and virtual reality. We excluded studies involving “real” wheelchairs without a simulator in a virtual environment. We have selected a total of 42 items. In these studies, we identified 32 parameters (3 qualitative and 29 quantitative) that are used as parameters for the evaluation of the ability to control a powered wheelchair in a virtual environment. Although the amount of research in this area has increased significantly in recent years, additional studies are still needed to provide a more accurate and objective assessment of skills among the target population. A challenge for future work is the increasing application of artificial intelligence techniques and the exploration of biomedical data measurements, which may be a promising alternative to improve the quantification of user competencies.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

ECG:

Electrooculography

EEG:

Electroencephalography

EMG:

Electromyography

EPW:

Electric powered wheelchair

GSR:

Galvanic skin response

PCI:

Physiological cost index

PMRT:

Power mobility road test

PRISMA:

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

QoE:

Quality of experience

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Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES). Finance code 001.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Assistive Technologies Group, Av Joao Naves de Avila, 2160 – Bloco 3N, Uberlandia, Brazil

    Angela A. R. de Sá & Eduardo L. M. Naves

  2. LCOMS - Laboratoire de Conception, Optimisation Et Modélisation Des Systèmes, Université de Lorraine, 7 rue Marconi, 57070, Metz, France

    Yann Morère

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  1. Angela A. R. de Sá
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AARS was involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content. YM and ELMN supervised, revised, and gave the final approval of the manuscript. All authors were fully involved in the study and preparation of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Angela A. R. de Sá.

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de Sá, A.A.R., Morère, Y. & Naves, E.L.M. Skills assessment metrics of electric powered wheelchair driving in a virtual environment: a survey. Med Biol Eng Comput 60, 323–335 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-022-02500-8

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