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Implantable neurotechnologies: a review of integrated circuit neural amplifiers

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Abstract

Neural signal recording is critical in modern day neuroscience research and emerging neural prosthesis programs. Neural recording requires the use of precise, low-noise amplifier systems to acquire and condition the weak neural signals that are transduced through electrode interfaces. Neural amplifiers and amplifier-based systems are available commercially or can be designed in-house and fabricated using integrated circuit (IC) technologies, resulting in very large-scale integration or application-specific integrated circuit solutions. IC-based neural amplifiers are now used to acquire untethered/portable neural recordings, as they meet the requirements of a miniaturized form factor, light weight and low power consumption. Furthermore, such miniaturized and low-power IC neural amplifiers are now being used in emerging implantable neural prosthesis technologies. This review focuses on neural amplifier-based devices and is presented in two interrelated parts. First, neural signal recording is reviewed, and practical challenges are highlighted. Current amplifier designs with increased functionality and performance and without penalties in chip size and power are featured. Second, applications of IC-based neural amplifiers in basic science experiments (e.g., cortical studies using animal models), neural prostheses (e.g., brain/nerve machine interfaces) and treatment of neuronal diseases (e.g., DBS for treatment of epilepsy) are highlighted. The review concludes with future outlooks of this technology and important challenges with regard to neural signal amplification.

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Abbreviations

ADC:

Analog-to-digital converter

ASK:

Amplitude shift keying

CNS:

Central nervous system

CMOS:

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor

CMRR:

Common mode rejection ratio

FET:

Field effect transistor

FSK:

Frequency shift keying

IC:

Integrated circuit (chip)

IEEE:

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

MOS:

Metal oxide semiconductor

NEF:

Noise efficiency factor

OTA:

Operational transconductance amplifier

OpAmp:

Operational amplifier

PEF:

Power efficiency factor

PNS:

Peripheral nervous system

RF:

Radio frequency

UWB:

Ultra wide band radio

VLSI:

Very large scale integration

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Singapore (Project: NRF CRP 10201201).

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  1. Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore

    Kian Ann Ng & Nitish V. Thakor

  2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore

    Kian Ann Ng, Yong Ping Xu & Nitish V. Thakor

  3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Elliot Greenwald & Nitish V. Thakor

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  1. Kian Ann Ng
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Ng, K.A., Greenwald, E., Xu, Y. et al. Implantable neurotechnologies: a review of integrated circuit neural amplifiers. Med Biol Eng Comput 54, 45–62 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-015-1431-3

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