Skip to main content
Log in

Citizen Involvement & Quality of Life: Exit, Voice and Loyalty in a Time of Direct Democracy

  • Published:
Applied Research in Quality of Life Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper explores the connection between quality of life and direct democracy. Using state level data for participation and quality of life, we find that those states with a high quality of life see higher participation in direct democracy than those with lower quality of life. However, the passage of direct democracy measures has the inverse relationship indicating the importance of maintaining the status quo for states with higher quality of life measurements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Electoral ballots in the United States are arranged so that offices that represent the largest geographic areas appear first on the ballot. The top office on any ballot is then the office for which the largest number of citizens is geographically eligible to vote.

  2. Implementation of the policies chosen by direct democracy is a separate issue entirely, one that deserves far greater attention that the extant literature has given the subject

References

  • Bowler, S., & Donovan, T. (1994). Information and opinion change on ballot measures. Political Behavior, 16(4), 411–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Branton, R. P. (2003). Examining individual-level voting behavior on state ballot propositions. Political Research Quarterly, 56(3), 367–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockington, D. (2003). A low information theory of ballot position effect. Political Behavior, 25(1), 1–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, A. C. (2008). Gross national happiness: Why happiness matters for America and what we can do to get more of it. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A. (1981). The sense of well-being in America: Recent patterns and trends. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costanza, R., Fisher, B., Ali, S., Beer, C., Lynne, B., Boumans, R., et al. (2007). An integrative approach to quality of life measurement, research, and policy. S A P I EN S Journal, 1(1), 17–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darcy, R., & Schnider, A. L. (1989). Confusing ballots, roll-off, and the black vote. Western Political Quarterly, 42, 347–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, B., & Stutzer, A. (2005). Beyond outcomes: measuring procedural utility. Oxford Economic Papers, 57, 90–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, E. (1999). The populist paradox: interest group influence and the promise of direct legislation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, T. M. (1995). Quality of life assessment: values and pitfalls. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 88, 680–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guven, C. (2009). Are happier people better citizens? SOEP paper No. 199. Retrieved from: SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1422493.

  • Hawley, W. D. (1973). Nonpartisan elections and the case for party politics. Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2008). Governance Matters VII: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators, 1996–2007. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4654. Available from: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1148386.

  • Kimball, D. C., & Kropf, M. (2006). Ballot initiatives and residual ballots in the 2004 presidential election. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, Atlanta, GA. January 2006.

  • Leduc, L. (2003). The politics of direct democracy: Referendums in global perspective. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

  • Lee, E. C. (1960). The politics of nonpartisanship: A study of California city elections. Berkley: California University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipow, A. (1973). Plebiscitarian politics and progressivism: The direct democracy movement. Paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association.

  • Magleby, D. B. (1984). Direct legislation: Voting on ballot propositions in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsusaka, J. G. (2004). For the many or the few. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milbrath, L. (1979). Policy relevant quality of life research. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 444, 32–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, S. M. (1998). State referendum voting, ballot roll-off, and the effect of new electoral technology. State and Local Government Review, 30(2), 106–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, S. M., & Strizek, G. A. (1995). Electronic voting machines and ballot roll-off. American Politics Quarterly, 23, 300–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, S. P. (2003). The political environment and ballot proposition awareness. American Journal of Political Science, 47(3), 403–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, S. P. (2005). Voting the agenda: Candidates, elections and ballot measures. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nie, N. H., Verba, S., & Petrocik, J. R. (1979). The changing American voter. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillsbury, A. J. (1931). The initiative, its achievements and abuses. Commonwealth—Part II, No. 25 (11 November), 426–433.

  • Putnam, R. D. (2001). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster.

  • Reilly, S. (2010). Design, meaning and choice in direct democracy: Petitioners and voter’s influences. New York: Ashgate Publishing, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reilly, S., & Richey, S. (2008). Language complexity and voters: Does ballot question wording impact participation? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the APSA 2008 Annual Meeting, Hynes Convention Center, Boston, Massachusetts, Aug 28, 2008. Available from: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p280629_index.html.

  • Schaffner, B., Streb, M., & Wright, G. (2001). Teams without uniforms: the nonpartisan ballot in state and local elections. Political Research Quarterly, 54(1), 7–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, D. (1989). Citizen lawmakers: The ballot initiative revolution. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. (2002). Ballot initiatives and the democratic citizen. Journal of Politics, 64(3), 892–903.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. A., & Tolbert, C. J. (2004). Educated by initiative: The effects of direct democracy on citizens and political organizations in the states. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taebel, D. A. (1975). The effect of ballot position on electoral success. American Journal of Political Science, 19(3), 519–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The World Bank Group (2009). World development indicators. April 2009.

  • Tolbert, C. J., McNeal, R. S., & Smith, D. A. (2003). Enhancing civic engagement: the effects of direct democracy on political participation and knowledge. State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 3(1), 23–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Development Program. (2008). Human development report. York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanderleeuw, J. M., & Engstrom, R. L. (1987). Race, referenda and roll-off. The Journal of Politics, 49(4), 1081–1092.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J. L. (1966). Ballot forms and voter fatigue: an analysis of the office block and party column ballot. Midwest Journal of Political Science, 10(4), 448–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfinger, R. E., & Rosenstone, S. J. (1980). Who votes? New Haven: Yale University Press.

  • Yonk, R. M., & Simmons, R. T. (2009). Quality of life in the rural west. Logan, Utah. Center for Public Lands and Rural Economics at Utah State University.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ryan M. Yonk.

Additional information

Authors are listed alphabetically in reverse and are not reflective of work contributed to this project. Authorship is equal.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yonk, R.M., Reilly, S. Citizen Involvement & Quality of Life: Exit, Voice and Loyalty in a Time of Direct Democracy. Applied Research Quality Life 7, 1–16 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-011-9142-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-011-9142-x

Keywords

Navigation