Skip to main content
Log in

Positive Indicators of Child Well-Being: A Conceptual Framework, Measures, and Methodological Issues

  • Published:
Applied Research in Quality of Life Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article suggests a comprehensive conceptual framework which identifies constructs for positive well-being as well as potential indicators and extant measures that fit with those constructs. In addition, the article reviews existing data sources for examples of positive measures that are found in the proposed framework as well as research studies that have been successful in measuring these indicators. The article then notes the data and measurement gaps that exist in comprehensively measuring the positive in children and youth. Finally, it identifies a number of conceptual and methodological issues that need consideration as efforts to define and measure positive indicators of well-being and well-becoming go forward. We argue that positive indicators represent good science, reflect and promote a positive vision of children, and establish positive goals for nations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  • Aber, J. L. (1997). Measuring child poverty for use in comparative policy analysis. Eurosocial Report, 62, 193–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderman, M. K. (1999). Goals and goal setting. In M. K. Alderman (Ed.), Motivation for achievement: Possibilities for teaching and learning (pp. 88–111). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, B. (2005). Positive interpersonal and intrapersonal functioning: An assessment of measures among adolescents. In K. A. Moore & L. H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 147–161). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5, 323–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belotti, V. (2009). Survey on child well-being indicators in Italy. Paper presented at the European seminar on child well-being indicators, Florence, Italy. Retrieved from http://www.childoneurope.org/activities/indicators/well-being_indicators.htm, January.

  • Ben-Arieh, A. (2000). Beyond welfare: measuring and monitoring the state of children—new trends and domains. Social Indicators Research, 52, 235–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Arieh, A. (2008). The child indicators movement: past, present, and future. Child Indicators Research, 1, 3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Arieh, A., & Goerge, R. M. (2001). Beyond the numbers: how do we monitor the state of our children? Children and Youth Services Review, 23, 603–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Arieh, A., & Wintersberger, H. (1997). Monitoring and measuring the state of children—beyond survival. Vienna: European Center for Social Welfare Policy and Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson, P. L., Scales, P. C., Sesma, A., Jr., & Roehlkepartain, E. C. (2005). Adolescent spirituality. In K. A. Moore & L. H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 25–40). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, M. H., Davidson, L., Keyes, C. L. M., Moore, K. A., & The Center for Child Well-Being (Eds.). (2002). Well-being: Positive development across the life course. Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, J., & Richardson, D. (2009). An index of child well-being in Europe. Paper presented at the European seminar on child well-being indicators, Florence, Italy, January.

  • Bradshaw, J., Hoelscher, P., & Richardson, D. (2007). An index of child well-being in the European Union. Social Indicators Research, 80, 133–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1995). Developmental ecology through space and time: A future perspective. Washington: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1998). The ecology of developmental processes. In U. Bronfenbrenner, P. Morris, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology. Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carle, A. C., Blumberg, S. J., Moore, K. A., & Mbwana, K. (2011). Advanced psychometric methods for developing and evaluating cut-point-based indicators. Child Indicators Research, 4, 101–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carle, A. C., Jaffee, D., Vaughan, N. W., & Eder, D. (2009). Psychometric properties of three new National Survey of Student Engagement based engagement scales: an item response theory analysis. Research in Higher Education, 50, 775–794.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Child Rights Information Network (2009). Convention on the rights of the child. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/resources/treaties/CRC.asp?catName=International+Treatie.

  • Child Trends (1984). Improving national statistics on children, youth, and families: A report on recommendations made at the interagency conference on child and family statistics. Washington: Author.

  • Child Trends (2003). Indicators of positive development conference summary. Washington: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology, 96, S95–S120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, J. P., Legters, N. E., Klem, A., & West, T. C. (2006). Getting ready, willing, and able: Critical steps toward successful implementation of small learning communities in large high schools [Electronic version]. Office of Vocational and Adult Education, U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from http://irre.org/sites/default/files/publication_pdfs/getting_ready.pdf.

  • Crivello, G., Camfield, L., & Woodhead, M. (2009). How can children tell us about their well-being? Exploring the potential of participatory research approaches within young lives. Social Indicators Research, 90, 51–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croninger, R. G., & Lee, V. E. (2001). Social capital and dropping out of high school: benefits to at-risk students of teachers’ support and guidance. Teachers College Record, 103, 548–581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damon, W., Menon, J., & Bronk, K. C. (2003). The development of purpose during adolescence. Applied Developmental Science, 7, 119–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeBruyn, E. H. (2005). Role strain, engagement, and academic achievement in early adolescence. Educational Studies, 31, 15–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durlak, J., Weissberg, R., Dymnicki, A., Taylor, R., & Schellinger, K. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: a meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82, 405–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. S., & Gootman, J. (Eds.). (2002). Community programs to promote youth development. Washington: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. S., Wigfield, A., & Schiefele, U. (1998). Motivation to succeed. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (5th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 1017–1095). New York: Wiley.

  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. H. (1985). Childhood and society (3rd ed.). New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fattore, T., Mason, J., & Watson, E. (2009). When children are asked about their well-being: towards a framework for guiding policy. Child Indicators Research, 2, 57–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feixa, C. (2005). System of Key Indicators of Childhood and Adolescence (SICIA). Paper presented at the United Nations Expert Group meeting on youth development indicators, New York, NY. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/CarlesFeixa_Indicators%20Catalonia.pdf, December.

  • Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P., Friedel, J., & Paris, A. (2005). School engagement. In K. A. Moore & L. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 305–321). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, I. I., & Hanson, D. R. (2005). Human development: biological and genetic processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 263–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzman, L., & Jekielek, S. (2004). Indicators of child, family and community connections: Family time [HHS-100-01-0011 (05)]. Washington: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzman, L., Lippman, L., Moore, K. A., & O’Hare, W. (2003). How children are doing: The mismatch between public perception and statistical reality. Washington: Child Trends.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hair, E. C., Moore, K. A., Garrett, S. B., Kinukawa, A., Lippman, L., & Michelson, E. (2003). Psychometric analyses of the parent-adolescent relationship scale in the national longitudinal survey of youth—1997. Paper presented at the indicators of positive development conference, Washington, DC, March.

  • Hair, E. C., Moore, K. A., Garrett, S. B., Kinukawa, A., Lippman, L., & Michelson, E. (2005). The parent-adolescent relationship scale. In K. A. Moore & L. H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 183–202). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, B. E., Martin, J. A., & Ventura, S. J. (2009). Births: Preliminary data for 2007 [Electronic Version]. National Vital Statistics Reports, 57, 23. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr57/nvsr57_12.pdf.

  • Hampden-Thompson, G., Guzman, L., & Lippman, L. (2008). Cultural capital: What does it offer students? A cross-national analysis. In J. Zajda, K. Biraimah, & W. Gaudelli (Eds.), Education and social inequality in the global culture (pp. 155–180). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hanafin, S. A., & Brooks, A.-M. (2005). Report on the development of a national set of child well-being indicators in Ireland. Dublin: National Children’s Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, S. (1991). From property to person status: historical perspective on children’s rights. The American Psychologist, 46, 53–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huston, A. C., & Ripke, M. N. (2006). Middle childhood: Contexts of development. In A. C. Huston & M. N. Ripke (Eds.), Developmental contexts in middle childhood: Bridges to adolescence and adulthood (pp. 1–22). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Inhelder, B., & Piaget, J. (1958). The growth of logical thinking from childhood to adolescence. New York: Basic Books.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. H. (2000). Functional brain development in infants: elements of an interactive specialization framework. Child Development, 71, 75–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamins, M. L., & Dweck, C. (1999). Person versus process praise and criticism: implications for contingent self-worth and coping. Developmental Psychology, 35, 835–847.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Land, K. C., Lamb, V. L., & Mustillo, S. K. (2001). Child and youth well-being in the United States, 1975–1990: some findings from a new index. Social Indicators Research, 56, 241–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, R. W. (2000). Toward a psychology of positive youth development. The American Psychologist, 55, 170–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, V., & Croninger, R. (2001). The elements of social capital in the context of six high schools. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 30, 165–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2007). Social networking websites and teens: An overview. Washington: Pew Internet & American Life Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenhart, A., Madden, M., Macgill, A., & Smith, A. (2007). Teens and social media. Washington: Pew Internet & American Life Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. M. (2002). Concepts and theories of human development. Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. M., & Benson, P. L. (2004). Developmental assets and asset-building communities. Minneapolis: Search Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. M., & Steinberg, L. (2004). The scientific study of adolescent development: Past, present, and future. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd ed., pp. 1–12). Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. M., Almerigi, J. B., Theokas, C., & Lerner, J. V. (2005). Positive youth development: a view of the issues. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 25, 10–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V., Phelps, E., & Colleagues. (2008). The positive development of youth: Technical report. Medford: Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippman, L. (2007). Indicators and indices of child well-being: a brief American history. Social Indicators Research, 83, 39–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippman, L., & Rivers, A. (2008). Assessing school engagement: A guide for out-of-school time program practitioners. Washington: Child Trends.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippman, L., Atienza, A., Rivers, R., & Keith, J. (2008). A developmental perspective on college and workplace readiness. Washington: Child Trends.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippman, L., Moore, K. A., & McIntosh, H. (2009). Positive indicators of child well-being: A conceptual framework, measures and methodological issues. Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macgill, A. R. (2007). Parent and teenager internet use. PEW Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/∼/media//Files/Reports/2007/PIP_Teen_Parents_data_memo_Oct2007.pdf.pdf, October.

  • Mahn, H. (2003). Periods in child development: Vygotsky’s perspective. In A. Kozulin & B. Gindis (Eds.), Vygotsky’s educational theory in cultural context (pp. 119–137). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, G., Lippman, L., Guzman, L., & Hamilton, J. (2006). Report on cognitive interviews for developing positive youth indicators. Washington: Child Trends.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeely, C. (2005). Connection to school. In K. A. Moore & L. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 289–303). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Meece, J. L., Anderman, E. M., & Anderman, L. H. (2006). Classroom goal structure, student motivation, and academic achievement. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 487–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melton, G. (1996). The child’s right to a family environment: why children’s rights and family values are compatible. The American Psychologist, 51, 1234–1238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melton, G. (2008). Beyond balancing: toward an integrated approach to children’s rights. Journal of Social Issues, 64, 903–920.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Social Development. (2008). Children and young people: Indicators of wellbeing in New Zealand 2008. Wellington: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, K. A., & Halle, T. G. (2001). Preventing problems vs. promoting the positive: What do we want for our children? In S. Hofferth & T. Owens (Eds.), Children at the millennium: Where have we come from? Where are we going? (pp. 141–170). New York: JAI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, K. A., & Lippman, L. (Eds.). (2005). What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, K. A., & Theokas, C. (2008). Conceptualizing a monitoring system for indicators in middle childhood. Child Indicators Research, 1, 110–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, K. A., Evans, V. J., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Roth, J. (2001). What are good childhood outcomes? In A. Thornton (Ed.), The well-being of children and families: Research and data needs (pp. 51–84). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, K. A., Lippman, L., & Brown, B. (2004). Indicators of child well-being: the promise for positive youth development. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591, 125–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, K. A., Theokas, C., Lippman, L., Bloch, M., Vandivere, S., & O’Hare, W. (2008a). A microdata child well-being index: conceptualization, creation, and findings. Child Indicators Research, 1, 17–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, K. A., Vandivere, S., Atienza, A., & Thiot, T. (2008b). Developing a monitoring system for indicators in middle childhood: identifying measures. Child Indicators Research, 1, 129–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council, Committee on Increasing High School Students’ Engagement and Motivation to Learn. (2003). Engaging schools: Fostering high schools students’ motivation to learn. Washington: National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2008). Handbook on constructing composite indicators: Methodology and user guide. Paris: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, N. (2003). Building wellness to prevent depression. Prevention and Treatment, 6, ArtID: 16c.

  • Park, N., Huebner, E. S., Laughlin, J. E., Valois, R. F., & Gilman, R. (2004). A cross-cultural comparison of the dimensions of child and adolescent life satisfaction reports. Social Indicators Research, 66, 61–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, H., & Ryan, A. M. (2005). Identifying adaptive classrooms: Dimensions of the classroom social environment. In K. A. Moore & L. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 271–287). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A classification and handbook. New York, NY: Oxford University Press/Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  • Piaget, J. (1970). Piaget’s theory. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 703–732). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H. (1996). Motivation in education: Theory, research & applications. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittman, K. J., & Cahill, M. (1991). A new vision: Promoting youth development. Washington: Center for Youth Development and Policy Research, Academy for Educational Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, E., & Lee, P. D. (2003). Child well-being: a systematic review of the literature. Social Indicators Research, 61, 59–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Public Agenda (1997). Kids these days: What Americans really think about the next generation. New York: Public Agenda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6, 65–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. (2001). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qvortrup, J. (1993). Societal position of childhood: the international project childhood as a social phenomenon. Childhood, 1, 119–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, D., Hoelscher, P., & Bradshaw, J. (2008). Child well-being in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Child Indicators Research, 1, 211–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D. F., & Foehr, U. G. (2008). Trends in media use. The Future of Children, 18, 11–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D. F., Foehr, U. G., & Rideout, V. (2005). Generation M: Media in the lives of 8–18 year-olds. Menlo Park: Kaiser Family Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rychen, D. S., & Salganik, L. H. (Eds.). (2001). Defining and selecting key competencies. Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rychen, D. S., & Salganik, L. H. (Eds.). (2003). Key competencies for a successful life and a well-functioning society. Ashland: Hogrefe & Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scales, P. C. (2003). Other people’s kids: Social expectations and American adults’ involvement with children and adolescents. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scales, P. C., & Benson, P. L. (2005). Prosocial orientation and community service. In K. A. Moore & L. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 339–356). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Scales, P. C., Benson, P. L., Roehlkepartain, E. C., Hintz, N. R., Sullivan, T. K., & Mannes, M. (2001). The role of neighborhood and community in building developmental assets for children and youth: a national study of social norms among American adults. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 703–727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. The American Psychologist, 60, 410–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shonkoff, J., & Phillips, D. E. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K., Granville, M., & Dika, S. (2002). Mathematics and science achievement: effects of motivation, interest, and academic engagement. The Journal of Educational Research, 95, 323–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C., & Denton, M. L. (2005). Soul searching: The religious and spiritual lives of American teenagers. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R. (2005). Measuring hope in children. In K. A. Moore & L. H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 61–73). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Steffel, M., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009). Happy by what standard? The role of interpersonal and intrapersonal comparisons in ratings of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 92, 69–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tudge, J. R. H., & Scrimsher, S. (2003). Lev. S. Vygotsky on education. In B. J. Zimmerman & D. H. Schunk (Eds.), Educational psychology (pp. 207–228). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2005). The ethnic identity scale. In K. A. Moore & L. H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 75–91). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (2009). United Nations treaty collection: Status of treaties: Convention on the rights of the child. Retrieved from http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en#top.

  • Volling, B. L., & Blandon, A. Y. (2005). Positive indicators of sibling relationship quality: The sibling inventory of behavior. In K. A. Moore & L. H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 203–219). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, S. J., Monk, C. S., & Nelson, C. A. (2001). Mechanisms of postnatal neurobiological development: implications for human development. Developmental Neuropsychology, 19, 147–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B. (1979). A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 3–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolters, C. A., Pintrich, P. R., & Karabenick, S. A. (2005). Assessing academic self-regulated learning. In K. A. Moore & L. H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 251–270). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, B. J. (1989). A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 329–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hugh McIntosh.

Additional information

Adaptation of original working paper: Lippman, L. H., Moore, K. A., & McIntosh, H. (2009, October). Positive Indicators of Child Well-Being: A Conceptual Framework, Measures and Methodological Issues, Innocenti Working Paper No. 2009-21, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence, Italy.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lippman, L.H., Moore, K.A. & McIntosh, H. Positive Indicators of Child Well-Being: A Conceptual Framework, Measures, and Methodological Issues. Applied Research Quality Life 6, 425–449 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-011-9138-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-011-9138-6

Keywords

Navigation