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The Comprehensive Effect of Socioeconomic Deprivation on Smoking Behavior: an Observational and Genome-Wide by Environment Interaction Analyses in UK Biobank

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Abstract

Smoking has caused great public health burdens in the global. Although socioeconomic factors have been confirmed to substantially influence smoking behaviors, the impact of comprehensive social deprivations on smoking behavior and related biological mechanisms are still unclear. Supported by UK Biobank cohort, we randomly divided 369,915 participants into discovery cohort (60%) and replication cohort (40%). We first tested the associations for index of multiple deprivation (IMD) and 7 IMD subdomains with ever-smoking and daily smoking frequency using regression models in both cohorts. Genome-wide by environment interaction study (GWEIS) was further conducted by using PLINK2.0 to detect the effects of the interactions between SNPs and IMD subdomains on two smoking behaviors. In discovery and replication cohorts, we observed the more deprivation status the individuals were in, the higher daily smoking frequency or risk to be ever smokers. And among the subdomains of IMD, income, education, health, living environment, and crime deprivation were positively associated with the risk of smoking behaviors, while employment deprivation was negatively correlated with smoking behaviors (all P < 0.0125). Totally, GWEIS analysis detected 23 shared significant socioeconomic-deprivation interacted loci for daily smoking frequency in two cohorts, such as rs116680599 at 2p16.3 (NRXN1, Pdiscovery = 7.68 × 10−14, Preplication = 1.96 × 10−2) and rs150451424 at 16p13.3 (RBFOX1, Pdiscovery = 1.89 × 10−10, Preplication = 1.96 × 10−2) interacting with employment deprivation. We illustrated the diverse effects of IMD on smoking behaviors and provided insights for the biological mechanisms of the interaction effects between socioeconomic deprivation with genetic factors on smoking behaviors.

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Acknowledgements

This research was conducted under UK Biobank application 46478.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China [81922059], and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.

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Author notes

  1. Chuyu Pan and Xin Qi contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China

    Chuyu Pan, Shiqiang Cheng, Yujing Chen, Chun’e Li, Huijie Zhang, Jingxi Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Xuena Yang, Peilin Meng, Yao Yao, Yan Wen, Yumeng Jia & Feng Zhang

  2. Precision Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China

    Xin Qi

  3. Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061, People’s Republic of China

    Feng Zhang

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  1. Chuyu Pan
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  2. Xin Qi
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Contributions

CP and FZ conceived and designed the study; CP wrote the manuscript; XQ revised the manuscript; CP collected the data and carried out the statistical analyses; SC, YC, CL, HZ, JZ, ZZ, XY, PM, YY, YW and YJ made preparation for the manuscript at first. All authors had full access to all data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

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Correspondence to Feng Zhang.

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This study applied the data from UK Biobank, and all participants have signed an informed consent, allowing UK Biobank to access their health-related records.

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Pan, C., Qi, X., Cheng, S. et al. The Comprehensive Effect of Socioeconomic Deprivation on Smoking Behavior: an Observational and Genome-Wide by Environment Interaction Analyses in UK Biobank. Int J Ment Health Addiction 22, 344–360 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00876-0

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