Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A Comprehensive, Systematic, and Integrated (CSI) Model Based on Drug Court: as a New Approach Toward Organizing and Managing Homeless Addicts in Iran

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of this study was to report the evaluation of the pilot study of drug court, as the main approach to the Comprehensive, Systematic, and Integrated (CSI) model for organizing and managing homeless addicts in Iran. Drug court was established in six provinces of Iran, in mid-2018. Drug court establishment protocols and guidelines were developed by an extensive review of the national and international evidences and in-depth interviews and focus group discussions by a large number of experts in different related majors. Evaluation of the pilot of drug court was done by a mixed method of a quantitative and qualitative study (interview and field visit). Four stages were considered for the establishment of the drug courts. Totally, 756 cases were admitted to the drug courts for 6 months. The pilot study of drug courts in Iran showed that it could have promising results in the establishment of the CSI model for organizing and managing homeless addicts. However, there are some challenges that need to be addressed, like poor inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral collaboration and rapid changes in the management of the involved organizations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexander, B. (2010). The globalization of addiction: A study in poverty of the spirit. Oxford University Press.

  • Amon, J. J., Pearshouse, R., Cohen, J. E., & Schleifer, R. (2014). Compulsory drug detention in East and Southeast Asia: Evolving government, UN and donor responses. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25(1), 13–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anglin, M. D. (1988). The efficacy of civil commitment in treating narcotic addiction. Compulsory Treatment of Drug Abuse: Research and Clinical Practice. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph, 86, 8–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anglin, M. D., Prendergast, M., & Farabee, D. (1998). The effectiveness of coerced treatment for drug-abusing offenders. In Office of National Drug Control Policy’s Conference of Scholars and Policy Makers (pp. 23–25).

  • Cheesman, F. L., Graves, S. E., Holt, K., Kunkel, T. L., Lee, C. G., & White, M. T. (2016). Drug court effectiveness and efficiency: Findings for Virginia. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 34(2), 143–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J. J., & Allison, M. (1983). Legal coercion and retention in drug abuse treatment. Psychiatric Services, 34(12), 1145–1149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, C. S., Franklin, B., & Mease, T. (2010). Establishing drug treatment courts: Strategies, experiences and preliminary outcomes. Volume one: Overview and survey results. Annotation.

  • De Leon, G. (1988). Legal pressure in therapeutic communities. Journal of Drug Issues, 18(4), 625–640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fielding, J. E., Tye, G., Ogawa, P. L., Imam, I. J., & Long, A. M. (2002). Los Angeles County drug court programs: Initial results. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 23(3), 217–224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finigan, M. (1998). An outcome program evaluation of the Multnomah County STOP drug diversion program. Northwest Professional Consortium.

  • Franco, C. (2010). Drug courts: Background, effectiveness, and policy issues for Congress. Diane Publishing.

  • Gallagher, J. R., Nordberg, A., & Kennard, T. (2015). A qualitative study assessing the effectiveness of the key components of a drug court. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 33(1), 64–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerstein, D. R., & Hardwood, H. J. (1990). Treating drug problems. Institute of Medicine.

  • Gorgian, B. (1999). Drugs and delinquency. Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine, 6(19), 75–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewell, J. D., Rose, P., Bush, R., & Bartz, K. (2017). The long term effectiveness of drug treatment court on reducing recidivism and predictors of voluntary withdrawal. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 15(1), 28–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kearley, B., & Gottfredson, D. (2020). Long term effects of drug court participation: Evidence from a 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 16(1), 27–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, C. P., Lindquist, C. H., Koetse, W., & Lattimore, P. K. (2007). Assessing the long-term impact of drug court participation on recidivism with generalized estimating equations. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 91(1), 57–68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lindquist, C. H., Krebs, C. P., & Lattimore, P. K. (2006). Sanctions and rewards in drug court programs: Implementation, perceived efficacy, and decision making. Journal of Drug Issues, 36(1), 119–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monchick, R., Scheyett, A., & Pfeifer, J. (2006). Drug court case management: Role, function, and utility (Vol. 7). National Drug Court Institute.

  • National Drug Court Institute [NDCI]. (2012). How many Drug Courts are there? National Drug Court Resource Center. Retrieved from: http://www.ndcrc.org/content/how-many-drug-courts-are-there. Accessed 15 Aug 2020.

  • Roshanpajooh, M., Mirkazemi, R., Ehterami, M., Razaghi, E. M., Saberizafarghandi, M. B., & Shafiee, A. (2014). Comprehensive document of social support and addiction treatment in the country. Contemporary Thought.

  • Roshanpajouh, M., Mirkazemi, R., Asadi, H., & Hedayati, B. (2019). Assessment of the causes of mortality in addiction treatment residential center. 25(2).

  • Roshanpajouh, M., Mirkazemi, R., Ehterami, M., Narenjiha, H., MalekAfzali, H., Sarrami, H. R., & Rezazade, M. (2020). Drug use among Iranian population: Results of a national household survey. Journal of Substance Use, 25(2), 146–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Anti-Narcotics Law of the Islamic Republic of Iran: As amended on 8 November 1997 by the Expediency Council. Retrieved from :https://www.unodc.org/res/cld/document/irn/anti-narcotics-law_html/iran-THE_ANTI_NARCOTICS_LAW.pdf. Accessed 8 Aug 2020.

  • United Nations Office for Drug and Crime (UNODC). (2010). World Drug Report 2010. Retrieved from: https://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2010/World_Drug_Report_2010_lo-res.pdf. Accessed 15 Aug 2020.

  • Wenzel, S. L., Turner, S. F., & Ridgely, M. S. (2004). Collaborations between drug courts and service providers: Characteristics and challenges. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(3), 253–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werb, D., Kamarulzaman, A., Meacham, M. C., Rafful, C., Fischer, B., Strathdee, S. A., & Wood, E. (2016). The effectiveness of compulsory drug treatment: A systematic review. International Journal of Drug Policy, 28, 1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Addiction Researches Department, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Psychiatry Institute), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohsen Roshanpajouh

  2. Farzanegan Nik Andish Institute for the Development of Knowledge and Technology, No. 16, Mahtab 3 Alley, Abazar Blvd., Ayatollah Kashani Blvd., Tehran, Iran

    Roksana Mirkazemi

  3. Cultural and Civil Prevention, Social Affairs and Crime Prevention of the Judiciary System, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Mohammad Zanganeh

  4. State Welfare Organization (SWO), Tehran, Iran

    Majid Rezazadeh

  5. Office of Addiction Prevention, Social Affairs and Crime Prevention of the Judiciary System, Tehran, Iran

    Zeynab Jalali

  6. Social Affairs and Crime Prevention of the Judiciary System, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Bagher Olfat

Authors
  1. Mohsen Roshanpajouh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Roksana Mirkazemi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ali Mohammad Zanganeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Majid Rezazadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zeynab Jalali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mohammad Bagher Olfat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roksana Mirkazemi.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

All followed procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 (5). Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.

Conflict of Interest

MR developed the model, but he declares that he has no conflict of interest because he was not involved in the evaluation of drug court. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Roshanpajouh, M., Mirkazemi, R., Zanganeh, A.M. et al. A Comprehensive, Systematic, and Integrated (CSI) Model Based on Drug Court: as a New Approach Toward Organizing and Managing Homeless Addicts in Iran. Int J Ment Health Addiction 21, 859–868 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00627-7

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00627-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation