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Waterborne Bacteria Detecting Highly Sensitive Graphene Metasurface Based Cost-Efficient and Efficient Refractive Index Sensors

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Abstract

This paper present graphene based metasurface circular resonator (MSCR) inspired optical sensors for detecting waterborne bacteria such as E. coli, Vibrio Cholera, and Shigella flexneri. The optimal design is achieved through simulating all possible combination of proposed structure and analysis based on evaluation metrices. In this study, we have investigated four different sensors and among these sensors other variations are also examined by varying the graphene chemical potential to finalize the structure. The sensor design also takes into account cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and scalability to ensure the widespread adoption of the technology. The proposed designs consist of one central circle surrounded by multiple circles that increase in number with each design. These designs provide a larger surface area for bacterial adhesion, leading to increased detection sensitivity. The MSCR designs can be easily fabricated using standard techniques and can be modified to detect other types of bacteria or contaminants by changing the surface chemistry.

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Availability of Data and Materials

The data supporting the findings in this work are available from the corresponding author with a reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Researchers Supporting Project number (RSPD2023R654), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

Researchers Supporting Project number (RSPD2023R654), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360003, India

    Jacob Wekalao

  2. Department of Computer Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360003, India

    Shobhit K. Patel & Juveriya Parmar

  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O.Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia

    Osamah Alsalman

  4. Department of Electrical Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360003, India

    Jaymit Surve

  5. Department of ECE, Kathir College of Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, 641062, India

    N. K. Anushkannan

  6. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1400 R St. Nebraska, Lincoln, 68588, USA

    Juveriya Parmar

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  1. Jacob Wekalao
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  4. Jaymit Surve
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  5. N. K. Anushkannan
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  6. Juveriya Parmar
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Contributions

“Conceptualization, Osamah Alsalman, Shobhit K. Patel; Methodology, Osamah Alsalman, Shobhit K. Patel and Jacobe Wekaleo; Software, Jacob Wekalao, Jaymit Surve and Shobhit K. Patel; Validation, N.K. Anushkannan and Juveriya Parmar; writing—original draft preparation, All Authors; writing—review and editing, All Authors; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.”

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Correspondence to Shobhit K. Patel.

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Wekalao, J., Patel, S.K., Alsalman, O. et al. Waterborne Bacteria Detecting Highly Sensitive Graphene Metasurface Based Cost-Efficient and Efficient Refractive Index Sensors. Plasmonics 19, 347–361 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-023-01983-x

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