Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Numerical simulation of load distributive compression anchor installed in weathered rock layer

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Acta Geotechnica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper presents a finite element model for a load distributive compression anchor (LDCA). In an LDCA, the load applied to the strands is transmitted to the grout and ground by the movement of multiple plate-shaped anchor bodies installed along the anchor length. Therefore, unlike the conventional anchor where the applied load is concentrated, the LDCA has distributed loading points, and the independent load transfer of each anchor body might induce an interference effect between adjacent bodies. Hence, this study proposed grout–ground and anchor-body–grout interface models that can properly simulate the load-transfer behaviors of an LDCA. A series of numerical simulations on LDCAs installed in a weathered rock was performed. By comparing the simulation results with field-test results, the interface coefficients of weathered rock, which are difficult to estimate experimentally, were evaluated, and the applicability of the proposed model was validated. Furthermore, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the load-transfer behaviors of an LDCA depending on anchor length, number of anchor bodies, and anchor-body spacing. The results showed that the compressive or tensile failure is likely to occur in the grout of LDCA due to the interference among anchor bodies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Balakrishnan EG, Balasubramaniam AS, Phien-wej N (1999) Load deformation analysis of bored piles in residual weathered formation. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 125(2):122–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Barley AD, Windsor CR (2000) Recent advances in ground anchor and ground reinforcement technology with reference to the development of the art. In: International conference. Geotechnical and geological engineering. Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1048–1094

  3. Benmokrane B, Chekired M, Xu X (1995) Monitoring behavior of grouted anchors using vibrating-wire gauges. J Geotech Eng 121(6):466–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Briaud JL, W.F.P III, Weatherby DE (1998) Should grouted anchors have short tendon bond length? J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 124(2):110–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Brown DA, Morrison C, Reese LC (1988) Lateral load behavior of pile group in sand. J Geotech Eng 114(11):1261–1276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. BSI BS 8081:1989 Code of practice for ground anchorages, BSI, London, UK

  7. Chen J, Xu C (2018) A study of the shear behavior of a Portland cement grout with the triaxial test. Constr Build Mater 176:81–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Englert CM, Gómez JE, Wilkinson C, Godet V (2015) Development of removable load distributive compressive anchor technology. IFCEE 2015:748–762. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479087.067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hertz JS, Moormann G, Paquette M, Shapiro SS, Gallagher MJ (2015) Removable compressive load distributive strand anchors: case history and lessons learned. IFCEE 2015:1597–1607. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479087.144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hsu SC, Chang CM (2007) Pullout performance of vertical anchors in gravel formation. Eng Geol 90:17–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.11.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hwang TH, Lee KI (2016) Pullout behavior of multiple compression type anchor with the space of load point. J Korean Soc Hazard Mitig 16:271–279. https://doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2016.16.3.271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. International organization for standardization (2018) Spheroidal graphite cast irons—classification (ISO 1083: 2018). Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/66643.html

  13. Khodair Y, Abdel-Mohti A (2014) Numerical analysis of pile–soil interaction under axial and lateral loads. Int J Concr Struct Mater 8:239–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-014-0075-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kim NK (2003) Performance of tension and compression anchors in weathered soil. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 129:1138–1150. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:12(1138)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kim NK, Park JS, Kim SK (2007) Numerical simulation of ground anchors. Comput Geotech 34:498–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2006.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kulhawy FH (1991) Drilled shaft foundations. Foundation engineering handbook. Springer, Boston, MA, pp 537–552

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. Kwon OS (1998) Experimental study on the shear strength and deformation characteristics of weathered soil. Ph.D. Thesis, Seoul National University

  18. Lee JU (2014) Effect of multi-compression type anchor with the installation space of compression tube. Ph.D. Thesis, Daejin University

  19. Lee SG (1993) Weathering of granite. J Geolo Soc Korea 29(4):396–413

    Google Scholar 

  20. Lee SH (2020) Estimation of geotechnical properties on highly and completely weathered granite using chemical weathering index. Doctoral Thesis, Seoul National University

  21. Liao HJ, Ou CD, Shu SC (1996) Anchorage behavior of shaft anchors in alluvial soil. J Geotech Eng 122:526–533. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:12(1185)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Liu W, Chen LZ, Xi XZ (2010) Analytic method of load-displacement curve for tension anchors based on hyperbolic load-transfer function. In: GeoShanghai 2010 international conference Shanghai, pp. 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1061/41107(380)6

  23. Liu X, Wang J, Huang J, Jiang H (2017) Full-scale pullout tests and analyses of ground anchors in rocks under ultimate load conditions. Eng Geol 228:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.07.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Nagai K, Sato Y, Ueda T (2004) Mesoscopic simulation of failure of mortar and concrete by 2D RBSM. J Adv Concr Technol 2:359–374. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.3.385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Nagai K, Sato Y, Ueda T (2005) Mesoscopic simulation of failure of mortar and concrete by 3D RBSM. J Adv Concr Technol 3:385–402. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.3.385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ng CW, Yau TL, Li JH, Tang WH (2001) New failure load criterion for large diameter bored piles in weathered geomaterials. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 127(6):488–498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Ostermayer H, Scheele F (1978) Research on ground anchors in non-cohesive soils. Rev Française Géotech 3:92–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Phuong NTV, Van Tol AF, Elkadi ASK, Rohe A (2016) Numerical investigation of pile installation effects in sand using material point method. Comput Geotech 73:58–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Ramadan MI, Butt SD, Popescu R (2013) Offshore anchor piles under mooring forces: centrifuge modeling. Can Geotech J 50:373–381. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ren W, Yang Z, Sharma R, Zhang C, Withers PJ (2015) Two-dimensional X-ray CT image based meso-scale fracture modelling of concrete. Eng Fract Mech 133:24–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.10.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Rollins KM, Olsen KG, Jensen DH, Garrett BH, Olsen RJ, Egbert JJ (2006) Pile spacing effects on lateral pile group behavior: analysis. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 132:1272–1283. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Roy K, Hawlader B, Kenny S, Moore I (2016) Finite element modeling of lateral pipeline-soil interactions in dense sand. Can Geotech J 53(3):490–504. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Sabatini PJ, Pass DG, Bachus RC (1999) Geotechnical engineering circular No. 4: ground anchors and anchored systems. No. FHWA-IF-99-015

  34. Shin GB, Jo BH, Baek SH, Kim SR, Chung CK (2022) Load transfer mechanism of a load distributive compression anchor installed in weathered rock layer. Can Geotech J 99(999):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  35. Schmüdderich C, Shahrabi MM, Taiebat M, Lavasan AA (2020) Strategies for numerical simulation of cast-in-place piles under axial loading. Comput Geotech 125:103656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Su LJ, Yin JH, Zhou WH (2010) Influences of overburden pressure and soil dilation on soil nail pull-out resistance. Comput Geotech 37(4):555–564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Su X, Yang Z, Liu G (2010) Finite element modelling of complex 3D static and dynamic crack propagation by embedding cohesive elements in Abaqus. Acta Mech Solida Sin 23:271–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-9166(10)60030-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Tian J, Hu L (2016) Review on the anchoring mechanism and application research of compression-type anchor. Engineering 08:777–788. https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2016.811070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Trawiński W, Bobiński J, Tejchman J (2016) Two-dimensional simulations of concrete fracture at aggregate level with cohesive elements based on X-ray μCT images. Eng Fract Mech 168:204–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Tu B, Jia J, Yuan H, Wang H (2011) Analysis on anchorage length of compression anchor. Adv Mater Res 255:345–349. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.255-260.345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Vukotić G, González JG, Soriano A (2013) The influence of bond stress distribution on ground anchor fixed length design. Field trial results and proposal for design methodology. In: 18th international conference. Soil mechanics in geotechnical engineering. Paris, France, pp. 2119–2122

  42. Wang XF, Yang ZJ, Yates JR, Jivkov AP, Zhang C (2015) Monte Carlo simulations of mesoscale fracture modelling of concrete with random aggregates and pores. Constr Build Mater 75:35–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Weerasinghe RB, Littlejohn GS (1997) Load transfer and failure of anchorages in weak mudstone. In: Ground anchorages and anchored structures. Proceedings of the international conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers and held in London, UK, 20–21 March 1997, Thomas Telford Publishing, pp. 34–44

  44. Woo I, Fleurisson JA, Park HJ (2010) Influence of weathering on shear strength of joints in a porphyritic granite. Geosci J 14(3):289–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-010-0026-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Woods RI, Barkhordari K (1997) The influence of bond stress distribution on ground anchor design. In: Ground anchorages and anchored structures. Proceedings of the international conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers and held in London, UK, on 20–21 March 1997, Thomas Telford Publishing, pp. 55–64

  46. Xanthakos PP (1991) Ground anchors and anchored structures. John Wiley & Sons

    Book  Google Scholar 

  47. Ye X, Wang S, Wang Q, Sloan SW, Sheng D (2017) Numerical and experimental studies of the mechanical behavior for compaction grouted soil nails in sandy soil. Comput Geotech 90:202–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.06.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Ye X, Wang Q, Wang S, Sloan S, Sheng D (2019) Performance of a compaction-grouted soil nail in laboratory tests. Acta Geotech 14:1049–1063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0693-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Ye X, Wang S, Xiao X, Sloan S, Sheng D (2019) Numerical study for compaction-grouted soil nails with multiple grout bulbs. Int J Geomech 19:04018193. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Zhan YG, Wang H, Liu FC (2012) Numerical study on load capacity behavior of tapered pile foundations. Electron J Geotech Eng 17:1969–1980

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. 2020R1A2C2010771) and the Institute of Engineering Research and Entrepreneurship at Seoul National University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea

    Gyu-Beom Shin

  2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea

    Bum-Hee Jo, Sung-Ryul Kim & Choong-Ki Chung

  3. Construction Automation Research Center, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang, 10223, Korea

    Sung-Ha Baek

Authors
  1. Gyu-Beom Shin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bum-Hee Jo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sung-Ryul Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sung-Ha Baek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Choong-Ki Chung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Choong-Ki Chung.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shin, GB., Jo, BH., Kim, SR. et al. Numerical simulation of load distributive compression anchor installed in weathered rock layer. Acta Geotech. 17, 4173–4190 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-022-01523-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-022-01523-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation