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A stress-rifting origin of Grand Canyon

  • Article
  • Earth Sciences
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Science Bulletin

Abstract

The Grand Canyon is a massive rift in the Colorado Plateau. How and when it developed has been debated for nearly 150 years. Most geologists believe the unusual landscape was primarily shaped by water erosion. Here we propose a stress-rifting model to provide an alternative explanation for the origin of Grand Canyon. This paper adopts a brittle–ductile double layer model to simulate the deformation and rifting of the plateau due to the mantle-melting-induced expansion. Our results show that the uplift induced by thermal expansion and its associated horizontal extension can cause open fractures that extend from the brittle surface to the underlying ductile layer in a top-down way. In addition, we find that episodic uplift can deepen and connect multiple fractures together to form a larger fracture network. Our findings suggest that the formation of the Grand Canyon might have been driven by plateau uplift and its associated rifting under crustal extension, wherein water erosion played only a minor role in shaping the course of the Colorado River. The new paradigm provides simpler explanations to some of the long-standing geological mysteries surrounding the canyon.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Shucai Li, Liping Li, Luchun Zhang, Wenbing Xu, Jing Wang and Kang Wang for their great help to fulfil our experiments in Shandong University. The accompany of Dr. Genghua Shi, Ms. Caroly Shi and Ms. Juying Yang to the site visit of Grand Canyon is appreciated. Financial support to the first and second authors was provided by Shaoxing University and Dalian University of Technology. Financial support to the third author was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51579031, 41502321) and Taishan Scholor Program and Aoshan Elite Scientist Plan.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China

    Chunan Tang

  2. Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China

    Chunyan Bao

  3. Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China

    Sanzhong Li

  4. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada

    Kaiwen Xia

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  1. Chunan Tang
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  2. Chunyan Bao
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  3. Sanzhong Li
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  4. Kaiwen Xia
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Correspondence to Chunan Tang.

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Tang, C., Bao, C., Li, S. et al. A stress-rifting origin of Grand Canyon. Sci. Bull. 61, 495–504 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-016-1034-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-016-1034-x

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