Abstract
PCDD/Fs in the urban air of Dalian, China were monitored with high-volume active sampler from November 2009 to October 2010. The concentration of Cl4−8DD/Fs ranged from 3065 to 49538 fg m−3, with an average of 10249 fg m−3. The international toxic equivalents (I-TEQ) value of that was 61.8–1182 fg m−3, with an average of 235 fg m−3, which was comparable to those in the other urban locations around the world. It was found that the Cl4−8DD/Fs appeared to be present mainly in the particle phase during winter, spring and autumn, while during summer which were dominantly in gas phase. The ratio of Cl4−8DD/Fs present in particle phase increased with the increasing level of chlorination. The concentrations of PCDFs and PCDDs decreased with the increase of chlorinated level, while the concentrations of 2,3,7,8-PCDDs congeners increased with the increase of chlorination level. The homolog profiles of the concentrations of PCDFs presented were higher than those of the PCDDs, which indicated the PCDD/Fs pollution source of the air in Dalian was characteristic for thermal source pollution. The correlation analysis of meteorological parameters with the concentrations of Cl4−8CDD/Fs was conducted using SPSS packages, and it was found that the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure were important factors influence the concentration of PCDD/Fs in the air. The respiratory risk and intake dioxins of the residents around the sampling sites were studied in the paper. It was found that Junge-Pankow model was much more accurate in predicting the gas-particle partitioning behavior of PCDD/Fs homologues during winter, while the Harner-Bidleman model shows better agreement with the measured data during winter and summer.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Hites R A. Dioxins: An overview and history. Environ Sci Technol, 2011, 45: 16–20
Kouimtzis T H, Samara C, Voutsa D, et al. PCDD/Fs and PCBs in air borne particulate matter of the greater Thessaloniki area, N. Greece. Chemosphere, 2002, 47: 193–205
Li Y M, Jiang G B, Wang Y W, et al. Concentrations, profiles and gas-particle partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the ambient air of Beijing, China. Atmos Environ, 2008, 42: 2037–2047
Bidleman T F. Atmospheric processes: Wet and dry deposition of organic compounds controlled by their vapor-particle partitioning. Environ Sci Technol, 1998, 22: 361–367
Lohmann R, Harner T, Thomas G O, et al. A comparative study of the gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PAHs. Environ Sci Technol, 2000, 34: 4943–4951
Oh J E, Choi J S, Chang Y S. Gas/particle partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenfurans in atmosphere, evaluation of predicting models. Atmos Environ, 2001, 35: 4125–4134
Junge C E. Basic consideration about trace constituents in the atmosphere as related to the fate of global pollutants. In: Suffet I H, ed. Fate of Pollutants in the Air and Water Environments. Part I. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1977. 7–26
Pankow J F. Review and comparative analysis of the theories on partitioning between the gas and aerosol particulate phases in the atmosphere. Atmos Environ, 1987, 21: 2275–2283
Harner T, Bidleman T F. Octanol-air partition coefficient for describing particle/gas partitioning of aromatic compounds in urban air. Environ Sci Technol, 1998, 32: 1494–1502
Pankow J F, Bidleman T F. Effects of temperature, TSP and per cent non-exchangeable material in determining the gas-particle partitioning of organic compounds. Atmos Environ, 1991, 25: 2241–2249
Goss K W, Schwarzenbach R P. Gas/solid and gas/liquid partitioning of organic compounds: Critical evaluation of the interpretation of equilibrium constants. Environ Sci Technol, 1998, 32: 2025–2032
Wu W Z, Schramm K W, Xu Y, et al. Mobility and profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzoforans in sediment of Ya-Er lake area, China. Water Res, 2001, 35: 3025–3033
Wu W Z, Schramm K W, Xu Y, et al. Persistence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzoforans (PCDD/F) in Ya-Er lake area, China. Environ Int, 2001, 26: 323–326
Wu W Z, Schramm K W, Xu Y, et al. Contamination and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzoforans (PCDD/F) in agriculture fields in Ya-Er lake area, China. Ecotox Environ Safe, 2002, 53: 141–147
Zhang M H, Bao Z C, Yang H, et al. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzoforans in lake sediments from Chinese schistosomiass areas. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 1997, 59: 653–656
Zhang M H, Bao Z C, Zhang B, et al. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzoforans in paper making from a pulp mill in China. Chemosphere, 2001, 44: 1335–1337
Chen J W, Zhao H M, Gao L N, et al. Atmospheric PCDD/F and PCB levels implicated by pine (Cedrus deodara) needles at Dalian, China. Environ Pollut, 2006, 144: 510–515
Yu L P, Mai B X, Meng X Z, et al. Particle-bound polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the atmosphere of Guangzhou, China. Atmos Environ, 2006, 40: 96–108
Li H R, Feng J L, Sheng G Y, et al. The PCDD/F and PBDD/F pollution in the ambient atmosphere of Shanghai, China. Chemosphere, 2008, 70: 576–583
Wang W, Qin S, Song Y, et al. Pollution level and distribution of PCDD/PCDF congeners between vapor phase and particulate phase in winter air of Dalian, China. J Environ Sci, 2011, 23 (Suppl): 36–39
Chang M B, Weng Y M, Lee T Y, et al. Sampling and analysis of ambient dioxins in northern Taiwan. Chemosphere, 2003, 51: 1103–1110
Chao M R, Hu C W, Chen Y L, et al. Approaching gas-particle partitioning equilibrium of atmospheric PCDD/Fs with increasing distance from an incinerator: Measurements and observations on modeling. Atmos Environ, 2004, 38: 1501–1510
Mader B T, Pankow J F. Vapor pressures of the polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and the polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Atmos Environ, 2003, 37: 3103–3114
Xu M X, Yan J H, Lu S Y, et al. Gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric PCDD/Fs in a satellite town in Eastern China. Chemosphere, 2009, 76: 1540–1549
Lohmann R, Green N J L, Jones K C. Atmospheric transport of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in air mass across the United Kingdom and Ireland: Evidence of emissions and depletion. Environ Sci Technol, 1999, 33: 2872–2878
Lee R G, Green N J, Lohmann R, et al. Seasonal, anthropogenic, air mass, and meteorological influences on the atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs): Evidence for the importance of diffuse combustion sources. Environ Sci Technol, 1999, 33: 2864–2871
Liu G Y, Chen Z S, Shi Y H, et al. PCDD/Fs in Beijing atmospheric deposition samples (in Chinese). Environ Chem, 2007, 26: 684–688
Niu J F, Chen J W, Henkelmann B, et al. Photodegradation of PCDD/Fs absorbed on spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) needles under sunlight irradiation. Chemosphere, 2003, 50: 1217–1225
Correa O, Rifai H, Raun L, et al. Concentrations and vapor-particle partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air of Houston, TX. Atmos Environ, 2004, 38: 6687–6699
Luthard P, Mayer J, Fuchs J. Total TEO emissions (PCDD/F and PCB) from industrial sources. Organohalogen Compds, 2000, 45: 344–347
Lohmann R, Lee R G, Green N J, et al. Gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in daily air samples. Atmos Environ, 2000, 34: 2529–2537
Lee S J, Park H, Choi S D, et al. Assessment of variations in atmospheric PCDD/Fs by Asian dust in Southeastern Korea. Atmos Environ, 2007, 41: 5876–5886
Yamasaki H, Kuwata K, Miyamoto H. Effects of ambient temperature on aspects of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Sci Technol, 1982, 16: 189–194
Pankow J F. An absorption model of gas/particle partitioning of organic compounds in the atmosphere. Atmos Environ, 1994, 28: 185–188
Simick M F, Franz T P, Zhang H X, et al. Gas-particle partitioning of PCBs and PAHs in the Chicago urban and adjacent coastal atmosphere: States of equilibrium. Environ Sci Technol, 1998, 32: 251–257
Nouwen J, Cornelis C, Wevers M, et al. Health risk assessment of dioxin emissions from municipal waste incinerators: The Neerland-quarter (Wilrijk, Beigium). Chemosphere, 2001, 43: 909–923
Yu L P. Preliminary study on levels of PCDD/Fs in atmosphere of Guangzhou and typical emission sources of PCDD/Fs, China. Doctor Dissertation. Guangzhou: Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2007. 42–43
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, International Programme on Chemical Safety. Assessment of the health risk of dioxins: Re-evaluation of the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI). Geneva, Switzerland, 1998
Finizio A, Mackay D, Bidleman T F, et al. Octanol-air partitioning coefficients as a predictor of partitioning of semi-volatile organic chemicals to aerosols. Atmos Environ, 1997, 31: 2289–2296
Harner T, Green N J L, Jones K C. Measurements of octanol-air partition coefficients for PCDD/Fs: A tool in assessing air-soil equilibrium status. Environ Sci Technol, 2000, 34: 3109–3114
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
This article is published under an open access license. Please check the 'Copyright Information' section either on this page or in the PDF for details of this license and what re-use is permitted. If your intended use exceeds what is permitted by the license or if you are unable to locate the licence and re-use information, please contact the Rights and Permissions team.
About this article
Cite this article
Qin, S., Zhu, X., Wang, W. et al. Concentrations and gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in the urban air of Dalian, China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 57, 3442–3451 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5320-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5320-y