Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Black holes as the source of dark energy: A stringent test with high-redshift JWST AGNs

  • Article
  • Published:
Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Studies have proposed that there is evidence for cosmological coupling of black holes (BHs) with an index of k ≈ 3; hence, BHs serve as the astrophysical source of dark energy. However, the data sample is limited for the redshifts of ≤ 2.5. In recent years, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has detected many high-redshift active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and quasars. Among the JWST NIRSpec-/NIRCam-resolved AGNs, three are determined to be in early-type host galaxies with a redshift of z ∼4.5–7. However, their M* and MBH are in tension with the predicted cosmological coupling of black holes with k = 3 at a confidence level of ∼2σ, which challenges the hypothesis that BHs serve as the origin of dark energy. Future work on high-redshift AGNs using the JWST will further assess such a hypothesis by identifying more early-type host galaxies in the higher mass range.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. A. G. Riess, A. V. Filippenko, P. Challis, A. Clocchiatti, A. Diercks, P. M. Garnavich, R. L. Gilliland, C. J. Hogan, S. Jha, R. P. Kirshner, B. Leibundgut, M. M. Phillips, D. Reiss, B. P. Schmidt, R. A. Schommer, R. C. Smith, J. Spyromilio, C. Stubbs, N. B. Suntzeff, and J. Tonry, Astron. J. 116, 1009 (1998), arXiv: astro-ph/9805201.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. S. Perlmutter, G. Aldering, G. Goldhaber, R. A. Knop, P. Nugent, P. G. Castro, S. Deustua, S. Fabbro, A. Goobar, D. E. Groom, I. M. Hook, A. G. Kim, M. Y. Kim, J. C. Lee, N. J. Nunes, R. Pain, C. R. Pennypacker, R. Quimby, C. Lidman, R. S. Ellis, M. Irwin, R. G. McMahon, P. Ruiz-Lapuente, N. Walton, B. Schaefer, B. J. Boyle, A. V. Filippenko, T. Matheson, A. S. Fruchter, N. Panagia, H. J. M. Newberg, W. J. Couch, and T. S. C. Project, Astrophys. J. 517, 565 (1999), arXiv: 9812133.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. A. Banerjee, H. Cai, L. Heisenberg, E. O. Colgain, M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari, and T. Yang, Phys. Rev. D 103, L081305 (2021), arXiv: 2006.00244.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. B. H. Lee, W. Lee, E. O Colgain, M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari, and S. Thakur, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2022, 4 (2022), arXiv: 2202.03906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. L. Amendola, and C. Quercellini, Phys. Rev. D 68, 023514 (2003), arXiv: astro-ph/0303228.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. V. F. Cardone, A. Troisi, and S. Capozziello, Phys. Rev. D 69, 083517 (2004), arXiv: astro-ph/0402228.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. K. Bamba, S. Capozziello, S. Nojiri, and S. D. Odintsov, Astrophys. Space Sci. 342, 155 (2012).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. D. Farrah, K. S. Croker, M. Zevin, G. Tarle, V. Faraoni, S. Petty, J. Afonso, N. Fernandez, K. A. Nishimura, C. Pearson, L. Wang, D. L. Clements, A. Efstathiou, E. Hatziminaoglou, M. Lacy, C. McPartland, L. K. Pitchford, N. Sakai, and J. Weiner, Astrophys. J. Lett. 944, L31 (2023), arXiv: 2302.07878.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Farrah, S. Petty, K. S. Croker, G. Tarle, M. Zevin, E. Hatziminaoglou, F. Shankar, L. Wang, D. L. Clements, A. Efstathiou, M. Lacy, K. A. Nishimura, J. Afonso, C. Pearson, and L. K. Pitchford, Astrophys. J. 943, 133 (2023), arXiv: 2212.06854.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. T. Mistele, Res. Notes AAS 7, 101 (2023).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. E. Mottola, Gravitational Vacuum Condensate Stars, in: Regular Black Holes. Springer Series in Astrophysics and Cosmology (Springer, Singapore, 2023).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Y. Wang, and Z. Wang, arXiv: 2304.01059.

  13. P. K. Dahal, F. Simovic, I. Soranidis, and D. R. Terno, Phys. Rev. D 108, 104014 (2023).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. T. Fukuyama, arXiv: 2301.09220.

  15. J. Sadeghi, S. Noori Gashti, M. R. Alipour, and M. A. S. Afshar, arXiv: 2305.12545.

  16. M. Cadoni, A. P. Sanna, M. Pitzalis, B. Banerjee, R. Murgia, N. Hazra, and M. Branchesi, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2023, 7 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. L. Amendola, D. C. Rodrigues, S. Kumar, and M. Quartin, arXiv: 2307.02474.

  18. S. A. Adil, U. Mukhopadhyay, A. A. Sen, and S. Vagnozzi, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2023, 72 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. R. Gaur, and M. Visser, arXiv: 2308.07374.

  20. M. Z. Han, Y. J. Huang, S. P. Tang, and Y. Z. Fan, Sci. Bull. 68, 913 (2023), arXiv: 2207.13613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. S.-J. Gao, and X.-D. Li, arXiv: 2307.10708.

  22. R. A. Remillard, and J. E. McClintock, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 44, 49 (2006).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. I. V. Chilingarian, I. Y. Katkov, I. Y. Zolotukhin, K. A. Grishin, Y. Beletsky, K. Boutsia, and D. J. Osip, Astrophys. J. 863, 1 (2018), arXiv: 1805.01467.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. J. E. Greene, J. Strader, and L. C. Ho, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 58, 257 (2020).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. K. S. Croker, K. A. Nishimura, and D. Farrah, Astrophys. J. 889, 115 (2020), arXiv: 1904.03781.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. N. J. Adams, C. J. Conselice, L. Ferreira, D. Austin, J. A. A. Trussler, I. Juodzbalis, S. M. Wilkins, J. Caruana, P. Dayal, A. Verma, and A. P. Vijayan, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 518, 4755 (2023), arXiv: 2207.11217.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. H. Atek, M. Shuntov, L. J. Furtak, J. Richard, J. P. Kneib, G. Mahler, A. Zitrin, H. J. McCracken, S. Charlot, J. Chevallard, and I. Chemerynska, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 519, 1201 (2022).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Y. Y. Wang, L. Lei, G. W. Yuan, and Y. Z. Fan, Astronphys. J. Lett. 954, L48 (2023).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. E. Greene, and L. C. Ho, Astrophys. J. 630, 122 (2005), arXiv: astro-ph/0508335.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Y. Harikane, Y. Zhang, K. Nakajima, M. Ochi, Y. Isobe, Y. Ono, S. Hatano, Y. Xu, and H. Umeda, arXiv: 2303.11946.

  31. J. S. Speagle, C. L. Steinhardt, P. L. Capak, and J. D. Silverman, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 214, 15 (2014), arXiv: 1405.2041.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. K. E. Heintz, G. B. Brammer, C. Gimenez-Arteaga, V. B. Strait, C. d. P. Lagos, A. P. Vijayan, J. Matthee, D. Watson, C. A. Mason, A. Hutter, S. Toft, J. P. U. Fynbo, and P. A. Oesch, arXiv: 2212.02890.

  33. S. Alaghband-Zadeh, M. Banerji, P. C. Hewett, and R. G. McMahon, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 459, 999 (2016), arXiv: 1603.06419.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. J. Pflamm-Altenburg, C. Weidner, and P. Kroupa, arXiv: 0709.1473.

  35. K. Nakajima, M. Ouchi, Y. Isobe, Y. Harikane, Y. Zhang, Y. Ono, H. Umeda, and M. Oguri, arXiv: 2301.12825.

  36. Y. Liu, E. W. Peng, J. Blakeslee, P. Cté, L. Ferrarese, A. Jordán, T. H. Puzia, E. Toloba, and H. X. Zhang, Astrophys. J. 818, 179 (2016), arXiv: 1512.00253.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. A. E. Reines, and M. Volonteri, Astrophys. J. 813, 82 (2015), arXiv: 1508.06274.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. A. W. Graham, J. Janz, S. J. Penny, I. V. Chilingarian, B. C. Ciambur, D. A. Forbes, and R. L. Davies, Astrophys. J. 840, 68 (2017), arXiv: 1705.03587.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. V. F. Baldassare, M. Geha, and J. Greene, Astrophys. J. 868, 152 (2018), arXiv: 1808.09578.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. S. Ben-Ami, A. Vikhlinin, and A. Loeb, Astrophys. J. 854, 4 (2018), arXiv: 1712.03207.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. J. Kormendy, and L. C. Ho, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51, 511 (2013).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. M. Y. Zhuang, and L. C. Ho, Nat. Astron. 7, 1376 (2023).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. A. Marconi, and L. K. Hunt, Astrophys. J. 589, L21 (2003), arXiv: astro-ph/0304274.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. A. W. Graham, C. A. Onken, E. Athanassoula, and F. Combes, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 412, 2211 (2011), arXiv: 1007.3834.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. A. Beifiori, S. Courteau, E. M. Corsini, and Y. Zhu, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 419, 2497 (2012), arXiv: 1109.6265.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. R. Valiante, R. Schneider, and M. Volonteri, Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 33, e032 (2016).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. M. Sun, J. R. Trump, W. N. Brandt, B. Luo, D. M. Alexander, K. Jahnke, D. J. Rosario, S. X. Wang, and Y. Q. Xue, Astrophys. J. 802, 14 (2015), arXiv: 1502.01025.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. X. Ding, J. Silverman, T. Treu, A. Schulze, M. Schramm, S. Birrer, D. Park, K. Jahnke, V. N. Bennert, J. S. Kartaltepe, A. M. Koekemoer, M. A. Malkan, and D. Sanders, Astrophys. J. 888, 37 (2020), arXiv: 1910.11875.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. T. R. Lauer, S. Tremaine, D. Richstone, and S. M. Faber, Astrophys. J. 670, 249 (2007), arXiv: 0705.4103.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. H. Zhang, P. Behroozi, M. Volonteri, J. Silk, X. Fan, P. F. Hopkins, J. Yang, and J. Aird, arXiv: 2303.08150.

  51. X. Ding, T. Treu, S. H. Suyu, K. C. Wong, T. Morishita, D. Park, D. Sluse, M. W. Auger, A. Agnello, V. N. Bennert, and T. E. Collett, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 472, 90 (2017), arXiv: 1703.02041.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. C. L. Rodriguez, Astrophys. J. Lett. 947, L12 (2023), arXiv: 2302.12386.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. R. Andrae, and K. El-Badry, Astron. Astrophys. 673, L10 (2023).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. G.-W. Yuan, L. Lei, Y.-Z. Wang, B. Wang, Y.-Y. Wang, C. Chen, Z.-Q. Shen, Y.-F. Cai, and Y.-Z. Fan, arXiv: 2303.09391.

  55. T. Shinohara, W. He, Y. Matsuoka, T. Nagao, T. Suyama, and T. Takahashi, arXiv: 2304.08153.

  56. B. Trakhtenbrot, Proc. IAU 15, 261 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. P. Zhu, L. C. Ho, and H. Gao, Astrophys. J. 907, 6 (2021), arXiv: 2011.07216.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. F. Shankar, V. Allevato, M. Bernardi, C. Marsden, A. Lapi, N. Menci, P. J. Grylls, M. Krumpe, L. Zanisi, F. Ricci, F. La Franca, R. D. Baldi, J. Moreno, and R. K. Sheth, Nat. Astron. 4, 282 (2020), arXiv: 1910.10175.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. R. C. E. Bosch, Astrophys. J. 831, 134 (2016), arXiv: 1606.01246.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. A. W. Graham, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 521, 1023 (2023), arXiv: 2304.12524.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. J. E. Sarria, R. Maiolino, F. La Franca, F. Pozzi, F. Fiore, A. Marconi, C. Vignali, and A. Comastri, Astron. Astrophys. 522, L3 (2010), arXiv: 1010.0768.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. G. Mountrichas, Astron. Astrophys. 672, A98 (2023), arXiv: 2302.10937.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. S. M. Kent, Ap&SS 217, 27 (1994).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. M. Fukugita, T. Ichikawa, J. E. Gunn, M. Doi, K. Shimasaku, and D. P. Schneider, Astron. J. 111, 1748 (1996).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. R. Jedicke, and Pan-STARRS, in AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts, vol 39 (AAS, 2007).

  66. K. C. Chambers, and Pan-STARRS Team, in American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, vol 227 (2016). p. 324.

  67. B. P. Schmidt, S. C. Keller, P. J. Francis, and M. S. Bessell, in American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, vol 206, (2005). p. 15.

  68. A. Rakich, M. Blundell, G. Pentland, R. Brunswick, T. Ferguson, and J. Waltho, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, edited by L. M. Stepp, 62670E (2006).

  69. The Dark Energy Survey Collaboration, arXiv: astro-ph/0510346.

  70. T. Abbott, et al. (Dark Energy Survey Collaboration), Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 460, 1270 (2016).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. R. Hlozek, J. Albert, M. Balogh, P. Barmby, J. Blakeslee, J. Bovy, P. Cote, S. Cote, J. Di Francesco, M. Drout, G. Eadie, S. Fabbro, W. Fraser, B. Gaensler, S. Gallagher, M. Graham, D. Haggard, P. Hall, C. Heinke, M. Hudson, J. Hutchings, J. Kavelaars, S. Lawler, D. Leahy, A. McConnachie, W. Percival, C. Pritchet, M. Rahman, J. Ruan, M. Sawicki, G. Sivakoff, J. Taylor, K. Thanjavur, and P. Wiegert, in Canadian Long Range Plan for Astronomy and Astrophysics White Papers, vol 2020, (2019). p. 51.

  72. Z. Lou, M. Liang, D. Yao, X. Zheng, J. Cheng, H. Wang, W. Liu, Y. Qian, H. Zhao, and J. Yang, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, 101542A (2016).

  73. L. Lei, Q. F. Zhu, X. Kong, T. G. Wang, X. Z. Zheng, D. D. Shi, L. L. Fan, and W. Liu, Res. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 035013 (2023).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. T. Wang, G. Liu, Z. Cai, J. Geng, M. Fang, H. He, J. Jiang, N. Jiang, X. Kong, B. Li, Y. Li, W. Luo, Z. Pan, X. Wu, J. Yang, J. Yu, X. Zheng, Q. Zhu, Y. F. Cai, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Dai, L. Fan, Y. Fan, W. Fang, Z. He, L. Hu, M. Hu, Z. Jin, Z. Jiang, G. Li, F. Li, X. Li, R. Liang, Z. Lin, Q. Liu, W. Liu, Z. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Liu, Z. Lou, H. Qu, Z. Sheng, J. Shi, Y. Shu, Z. Su, T. Sun, H. Wang, H. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, D. Wei, J. Wei, Y. Xue, J. Yan, C. Yang, Y. Yuan, Y. Yuan, H. Zhang, M. Zhang, H. Zhao, and W. Zhao, Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 66, 109512 (2023).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. X. Liu, in Galactic Archaeology in the Gaia Era, 14 (2019).

  76. L. Lei, J. D. Li, J. T. Wu, S. Y. Jiang, and B. Q. Chen, Astron. Res. Technol. 18, 115 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  77. X. Yuan, Z. Li, X. Liu, D. Niu, Q. Lu, F. Jiang, Y. Wang, X. Li, Y. Liang, H. Wang, C. Zhang, J. Wang, B. Li, J. Tian, H. Lu, B. Chen, Y. Huang, X. Liu, Z. Yao, X. Cui, and G. Li, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, 114457M (2020).

  78. L. Lei, B. Q. Chen, J. D. Li, J. T. Wu, S. Y. Jiang, and X. W. Liu, Res. Astron. Astrophys. 22, 025004 (2022), arXiv: 2111.08316.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. H. Zhao, Y. Li, and C. Zhang, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 13, 1139 (2016).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. H. B. Yuan, D. S. Deng, and Y. Sun, Res. Astron. Astrophys. 21, 074 (2021), arXiv: 2010.14005.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. J. McEnery, in American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, vol 53 (2021). 327

  82. P. Predehl, G. Hasinger, H. Böhringer, U. Briel, H. Brunner, E. Churazov, M. Freyberg, P. Friedrich, E. Kendziorra, D. Lutz, N. Meidinger, M. Pavlinsky, E. Pfeffermann, A. Santangelo, J. Schmitt, P. Schuecker, A. Schwope, M. Steinmetz, L. Struder, R. Sunyaev, and J. Wilms, in Space Telescopes and Instrumentation II: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, edited by M. J. L. Turner, and G. Hasinger, 62660P (2006).

  83. M. Pavlinsky, G. Hasinger, A. Parmar, G. Fraser, E. Churazov, M. Gilfanov, R. Sunyaev, A. Vikhlinin, P. Predehl, L. Piro, V. Arefiev, A. Tkachenko, V. Pinchuk, and D. Gorobets, in Space Telescopes and Instrumentation II: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, edited by M. J. L. Turner, and G. Hasinger, 62660O (2006).

  84. W. Yuan, C. Zhang, Y. Chen, and Z. Ling, in Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics, edited by C. Bambi, and A. Santangelo, 86 (2022).

  85. W. Yuan, et al. (The Einstein Probe Team), arXiv: 1506.07735.

  86. T. P. Robitaille, E. J. Tollerud, P. Greenfield, M. Droettboom, E. Bray, T. Aldcroft, M. Davis, A. Ginsburg, A. M. Price-Whelan, W. E. Kerzendorf, A. Conley, N. Crighton, K. Barbary, D. Muna, H. Ferguson, F. Grollier, M. M. Parikh, P. H. Nair, H. M. Gunther, C. Deil, J. Woillez, S. Conseil, R. Kramer, J. E. H. Turner, L. Singer, R. Fox, B. A. Weaver, V. Zabalza, Z. I. Edwards, K. Azalee Bostroem, D. J. Burke, A. R. Casey, S. M. Crawford, N. Dencheva, J. Ely, T. Jenness, K. Labrie, P. L. Lim, F. Pierfederici, A. Pontzen, A. Ptak, B. Refsdal, M. Servillat, and O. Streicher, Astron. Astrophys. 558, A33 (2013), arXiv: 1307.6212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. A. M. Price-Whelan, et al. (The Astropy Collaboration), Astronom. J. 156, 123 (2018), arXiv: 1801.02634.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. D. Foreman-Mackey, D. W. Hogg, D. Lang, and J. Goodman, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 125, 306 (2013), arXiv: 1202.3665.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. J. D. Hunter, Comput. Sci. Eng. 9, 90 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. C. R. Harris, K. J. Millman, S. J. van der Walt, R. Gommers, P. Virtanen, D. Cournapeau, E. Wieser, J. Taylor, S. Berg, N. J. Smith, R. Kern, M. Picus, S. Hoyer, M. H. van Kerkwijk, M. Brett, A. Haldane, J. F. del Rio, M. Wiebe, P. Peterson, P. Gerard-Marchant, K. Sheppard, T. Reddy, W. Weckesser, H. Abbasi, C. Gohlke, and T. E. Oliphant, Nature 585, 357 (2020).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Lei Lei, Lei Zu, Guan-Wen Yuan, Zhao-Qiang Shen, Yi-Ying Wang, Yuan-Zhu Wang, Shao-Peng Tang, Hao Zhou, Chi Zhang, Zhi-Ping Jin, Lei Feng, Yi-Zhong Fan & Da-Ming Wei

  2. School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Lei Lei, Lei Zu, Guan-Wen Yuan, Zhao-Qiang Shen, Yi-Ying Wang, Yuan-Zhu Wang, Zhen-Bo Su, Wen-Ke Ren, Shao-Peng Tang, Hao Zhou, Chi Zhang, Zhi-Ping Jin, Lei Feng, Yi-Zhong Fan & Da-Ming Wei

  3. CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Zhen-Bo Su & Wen-Ke Ren

Authors
  1. Lei Lei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lei Zu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Guan-Wen Yuan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zhao-Qiang Shen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yi-Ying Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yuan-Zhu Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Zhen-Bo Su
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Wen-Ke Ren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Shao-Peng Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Hao Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Chi Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Zhi-Ping Jin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Lei Feng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Yi-Zhong Fan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Da-Ming Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Lei Feng or Yi-Zhong Fan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Lei Lei gratefully acknowledges the support of Cyrus Chun Ying Tang Foundations. This work was based on the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope observation results from Yuichi Harikane’s research. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11921003, and 12233011), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences via the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences (Grant No. QYZDJ-SSW-SYS024). Software: astropy [86, 87], emcee [88], matplotlib [89], numpy [90]. We thank Xiang Li and Xian-Zhong Zheng for the helpful discussions.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lei, L., Zu, L., Yuan, GW. et al. Black holes as the source of dark energy: A stringent test with high-redshift JWST AGNs. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 67, 229811 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-023-2233-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-023-2233-2

Search

Navigation