Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A 70%-power transmission efficiency, 3.39 Mbps power and data telemetry over a single 13.56 MHz inductive link for biomedical implants

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Science China Information Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The application of wireless power and data telemetry to implantable medical devices (IMDs) has grown dramatically in recent decades. Achieving a high data rate and high-power transmission efficiency (PTE) over the same inductive link remains challenging. This paper presents a power and data telemetry circuit over a single 13.56 MHz inductive link. On the transmitter (TX) side, a binary-phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation based on a Class-E amplifier that features a high modulation rate and a high quality (Q)-factor is proposed. A digital-assisted phase-locked-loop (PLL) is proposed on the receiver (RX) side as a BPSK demodulator to handle the long settling process. The maximum data rate can be extended to 1/4 of the carrier frequency. The prototype has been fabricated with a 180 nm BCD (Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS) process. The measurement shows that up to 31.25 mW of power can be delivered simultaneously with 3.39-Mbps of data transmission, while a 2 × 10−7 bit-error-rate (BER) can be ensured over a transmission distance of 5 mm. The peak PTE is 70%, whereas the RX energy efficiency is 183 pJ/bit. The results demonstrate the potential of the proposed techniques in applications to various biomedical implants with intensive bandwidth and energy efficiency requirements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Rush A D, Troyk P R. A power and data link for a wireless-implanted neural recording system. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2012, 59: 3255–3262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Jia Y, Guler U, Lai Y P, et al. A trimodal wireless implantable neural interface system-on-chip. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst, 2020, 14: 1207–1217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Sabor N, Li Y F, Zhang Z, et al. Detection of the interictal epileptic discharges based on wavelet bispectrum interaction and recurrent neural network. Sci China Inf Sci, 2021, 64: 162403

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  4. Desai N, Yoo J, Chandrakasan A P. A scalable, 2.9 mW, 1 Mb/s e-textiles body area network transceiver with remotely-powered nodes and bi-directional data communication. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 2014, 49: 1995–2004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Zhang Q R, Xie Q S, Duan K F, et al. A digital signal processor (DSP)-based system for embedded continuous-time cuffless blood pressure monitoring using single-channel PPG signal. Sci China Inf Sci, 2020, 63: 149402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Zhao K, Li Y F, Wang G X, et al. A robust QRS detection and accurate R-peak identification algorithm for wearable ECG sensors. Sci China Inf Sci, 2021, 64: 182401

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  7. Shi Y, Choi M, Li Z, et al. A 10 mm3 inductive coupling radio for syringe-implantable smart sensor nodes. IEEE J Solid-State Circ, 2016, 51: 2570–2583

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ghovanloo M, Najafi K. A wideband frequency-shift keying wireless link for inductively powered biomedical implants. IEEE Trans Circ Syst I, 2004, 51: 2374–2383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Harrison R R, Watkins P T, Kier R J, et al. A low-power integrated circuit for a wireless 100-electrode neural recording system. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 2007, 42: 123–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Jow U-M, Ghovanloo M. Design and optimization of printed spiral coils for efficient transcutaneous inductive power transmission. IEEE Trans Biomed Circ Syst, 2007, 1: 193–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ramrakhyani A K, Mirabbasi S, Chiao M. Design and optimization of resonance-based efficient wireless power delivery systems for biomedical implants. IEEE Trans Biomed Circ Syst, 2011, 5: 48–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Wang G X, Liu W T, Sivaprakasam M, et al. Design and analysis of an adaptive transcutaneous power telemetry for biomedical implants. IEEE Trans Circ Syst I, 2005, 52: 2109–2117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Simard G, Sawan M, Massicotte D. High-speed OQPSK and efficient power transfer through inductive link for biomedical implants. IEEE Trans Biomed Circ Syst, 2010, 4: 192–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kiani M, Jow U-M, Ghovanloo M. Design and optimization of a 3-coil inductive link for efficient wireless power transmission. IEEE Trans Biomed Circ Syst, 2011, 5: 579–591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kiani M, Ghovanloo M. A 13.56-Mbps pulse delay modulation based transceiver for simultaneous near-field data and power transmission. IEEE Trans Biomed Circ Syst, 2015, 9: 1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Yousefi A, Abidi A A, Markovic D. Analysis and design of a robust, low-power, inductively coupled LSK data link. IEEE J Solid-State Circ, 2020, 55: 2583–2596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Trigui A, Hached S, Ammari A C, et al. Maximizing data transmission rate for implantable devices over a single inductive link: methodological review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng, 2019, 12: 72–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kennedy H, Bodnar R, Lee T, et al. A high-Q resonant inductive link transmit driver with adaptive-predictive phase-continuous tuning and deviation frequency calibration for enhanced FSK/PSK modulation and power transfer. IEEE J Solid-State Circ, 2020, 55: 2401–2413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Harrison R R, Kier R J, Chestek C A, et al. Wireless neural recording with single low-power integrated circuit. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng, 2009, 17: 322–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hu Y M, Sawan M. A fully integrated low-power BPSK demodulator for implantable medical devices. IEEE Trans Circ Syst I, 2005, 52: 2552–2562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Trigui A, Ali M, Ammari A C, et al. A 1.5-pJ/bit, 9.04-Mbit/s carrier-width demodulator for data transmission over an inductive link supporting power and data transfer. IEEE Trans Circ Syst II, 2018, 65: 1420–1424

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lee S-Y, Hsieh C-H, Yang C-M. Wireless front-end with power management for an implantable cardiac microstimulator. IEEE Trans Biomed Circ Syst, 2012, 6: 28–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Ha S, Kim C, Park J, et al. Energy recycling telemetry ic with simultaneous 11.5 mW power and 6.78 Mb/s backward data delivery over a single 13.56 MHz inductive link. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 2016, 51: 2664–2678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Wu C Y, Qian X H, Cheng M S, et al. A 13.56 MHz 40 mW CMOS high-efficiency inductive link power supply utilizing on-chip delay-compensated voltage doubler rectifier and multiple LDOs for implantable medical devices. IEEE J Solid-State Circ, 2014, 49: 2397–2407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hashemi S S, Sawan M, Savaria Y. A high-efficiency low-voltage CMOS rectifier for harvesting energy in implantable devices. IEEE Trans Biomed Circ Syst, 2012, 6: 326–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Jung W, Oh S, Bang S, et al. An ultra-low power fully integrated energy harvester based on self-oscillating switched-capacitor voltage doubler. IEEE J Solid-State Circ, 2014, 49: 2800–2811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Luo Z Y, Sonkusale S. A novel BPSK demodulator for biological implants. IEEE Trans Circ Syst I, 2008, 55: 1478–1484

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  28. Pan L, Chen M, Chen Y, et al. An energy-autonomous power-and-data telemetry circuit with digital-assisted-PLL-based BPSK demodulator for implantable flexible electronics applications. IEEE Open J Circ Syst, 2021, 2: 721–731

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Haddad P A, Gosset G, Raskin J P, et al. Automated design of a 13.56 MHz 19 µW passive rectifier with 72% efficiency under 10 µA load. IEEE J Solid-State Circ, 2016, 51: 1290–1301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Chang R C H, Chen W C, Liu L, et al. An AC-DC rectifier with active and non-overlapping control for piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II, 2020, 67: 969–973

    Google Scholar 

  31. Desai N, Juvekar C, Chandak S, et al. An actively detuned wireless power receiver with public key cryptographic authentication and dynamic power allocation. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 2018, 53: 236–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Ye D, Wang Y, Xiang Y, et al. A wireless power and data transfer receiver achieving 75.4% effective power conversion efficiency and supporting 0.1% modulation depth for ASK demodulation. IEEE J Solid-State Circ, 2020, 55: 1386–1400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Park Y, Koh S T, Lee J, et al. 33.7 a frequency-splitting-based wireless power and data transfer IC for neural prostheses with simultaneous 115 mW power and 2.5 Mb/s forward data delivery. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), 2021. 472–474

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFF1200601) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62174109).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Mingyi Chen & Luominghao Pan

  2. IMEC, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium

    Qiuyang Lin

  3. China Electronic Cloud Brain (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300309, China

    Longlong Cheng

  4. Neural Engineering & Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China

    Dong Ming

Authors
  1. Mingyi Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Luominghao Pan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Qiuyang Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Longlong Cheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Dong Ming
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mingyi Chen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, M., Pan, L., Lin, Q. et al. A 70%-power transmission efficiency, 3.39 Mbps power and data telemetry over a single 13.56 MHz inductive link for biomedical implants. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 66, 122406 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-022-3563-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-022-3563-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation