Abstract
Parallel continuum robots (PCRs) have attracted increasing attention in the robotics community due to their simplicity in structure, inherence with compliance, and easiness of realization. Over the past decade, a variety of novel designs have been reported to enrich their diversity. However, there is a lack of systematic review of these emerging robots. To this end, this paper conducts a comprehensive survey on the mechanism design, kinetostatic modeling and analysis, and performance evaluation. For these robots, kinetostatic modeling plays a fundamental role throughout the design, analysis, and control stages. A systematic review of the existing approaches for kinetostatic modeling and analysis is provided, and a comparison is made to distinguish their differences. As well, a classification is made according to the characteristics of structure and actuation. In addition, performance evaluation on the workspace, stability, and singularity is also overviewed. Finally, the scenarios of potential applications are elaborated, and future research prospects are discussed. We believe that the information provided in this paper will be particularly useful for those who are interested in PCRs.
References
Merlet J P. Parallel Robots. Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media, 2006
Lou Y J, Liu G F, Xu J J, et al. A general approach for optimal kinematic design of parallel manipulators. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. New Orleans, 2004. 3659–3664
Webster Iii R J, Jones B A. Design and kinematic modeling of constant curvature continuum robots: A review. Int J Robot Res, 2010, 29: 1661–1683
Burgner-Kahrs J, Rucker D C, Choset H. Continuum robots for medical applications: A survey. IEEE Trans Robot, 2015, 31: 1261–1280
Zhang J Y, Fang Q, Xiang P Y, et al. A survey on design, actuation, modeling, and control of continuum robot. Cyborg Bionic Syst, 2022, 2022: 9754697
Amanov E, Nguyen T D, Burgner-Kahrs J. Tendon-driven continuum robots with extensible sections—A model-based evaluation of path-following motions. Int J Robot Res, 2021, 40: 7–23
Bryson C, Rucker C. Toward parallel continuum manipulators. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Hong Kong, 2014. 778–785
Campa F, Diez M, Díaz-Caneja D, et al. A 2 DOF continuum parallel robot for pick & place collaborative tasks. In: Proceedings of IFToMM World Congress on Mechanism and Machine Science. Cham: Springer, 2019. 1979–1988
Chen G, Zhang Z, Wang H. A general approach to the large deflection problems of spatial flexible rods using principal axes decomposition of compliance matrices. J Mech Robot, 2018, 10: 031012
Du C C, Chen G L, Zhang Z, et al. Design and experimental analysis of a planar compliant parallel manipulator. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications. Cham: Springer, 2019. 637–647
Orekhov A L, Black C B, Till J, et al. Analysis and validation of a teleoperated surgical parallel continuum manipulator. IEEE Robot Autom Lett, 2016, 1: 828–835
Young E M, Kuchenbecker K J. Implementation of a 6-DOF parallel continuum manipulator for delivering fingertip tactile cues. IEEE Trans Haptics, 2019, 12: 295–306
Koehler M, Bieze T M, Kruszewski A, et al. Modeling and control of a 5-DOF parallel continuum haptic device. IEEE Trans Robot, 2023, 39: 3636–3654
Díaz-Caneja D, Campa F J, Altuzarra O. Design and modeling of a parallel continuum manipulator for trunk motion rehabilitation. J Med Devices, 2021, 15: 011109
Yun Y, Li Y. Optimal design of a 3-PUPU parallel robot with compliant hinges for micromanipulation in a cubic workspace. Robot Comput-Integrated Manuf, 2011, 27: 977–985
McClintock H, Temel F Z, Doshi N, et al. The milliDelta: A high-bandwidth, high-precision, millimeter-scale Delta robot. Sci Robot, 2018, 3: eaar3018
Zhang Q, Li C, Zhang J, et al. Smooth adaptive sliding mode vibration control of a flexible parallel manipulator with multiple smart linkages in modal space. J Sound Vib, 2017, 411: 1–19
Ansarieshlaghi F, Eberhard P. Hybrid force/position control of a very flexible parallel robot manipulator in contact with an environment. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics. Prague, 2019. 59–67
Hopkins J B, Rivera J, Kim C, et al. Synthesis and analysis of soft parallel robots comprised of active constraints. J Mech Robot, 2015, 7: 011002
Huang X, Zhu X, Gu G. Kinematic modeling and characterization of soft parallel robots. IEEE Trans Robot, 2022, 38: 3792–3806
Bajo A, Simaan N. Finding lost wrenches: Using continuum robots for contact detection and estimation of contact location. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Anchorage, 2010. 3666–3673
Xu K, Simaan N. Analytic formulation for kinematics, statics, and shape restoration of multibackbone continuum robots via elliptic integrals. J Mech Robot, 2010, 2: 011006
McInroy J E. Modeling and design of flexure jointed Stewart platforms for control purposes. IEEE ASME Trans Mechatron, 2002, 7: 95–99
Hesselbach J, Raatz A, Wrege J, et al. Design and analysis of a macro parallel robot with flexure hinges for micro assembly tasks. In: Proceedings of 35th International Symposium on Robotics (ISR). Paris, 2004. 23–26
Dong W, Sun L N, Du Z J. Design of a precision compliant parallel positioner driven by dual piezoelectric actuators. Sens Actuat A-Phys, 2007, 135: 250–256
Hesselbach J, Raatz A. Compliant parallel robot with 6 DOF. In: Proceedings of SPIE Microrobotics and Microassembly III. Boston, 2001. 143–150
Krut S, Pierrot F. Analysis of a high resolution planar PKM. In: Proceedings of IFToMM World Congress in Mechanism and Machine Science. Besançon, 2007
Yang Z X, Zhu X Y, Xu K. Continuum delta robot: A novel translational parallel robot with continuum joints. In: Proceedings of IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM). Auckland, 2018. 748–755
Garcia M, Pena P, Tekes A, et al. Development of novel three-dimensional soft parallel robot. In: Proceedings of SoutheastCon. Atlanta, 2021. 1–6
Grace D, Lee-Ortiz J, Garcia M, et al. Development of a novel six dof soft parallel robot. In: Proceedings of SoutheastCon. Mobile, 2022. 81–86
Li B, Zhang X P, Mills J K, et al. Vibration suppression of a 3-prr flexible parallel manipulator using input shaping. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation. Changchun, 2009. 3539–3544
Morlock M, Meyer N, Pick M A, et al. Real-time trajectory tracking control of a parallel robot with flexible links. Mech Mach Theor, 2021, 158: 104220
Sheng L, Li W, Wang Y, et al. Rigid-flexible coupling dynamic model of a flexible planar parallel robot for modal characteristics research. Adv Mech Eng, 2019, 11: 1687814018823469
Duriez C. Control of elastic soft robots based on real-time finite element method. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Karlsruhe, 2013. 3982–3987
Rivera J A, Kim C J. Spatial parallel soft robotic architectures. In: Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Chicago, 2014. 548–553
Lindenroth L, Soor A, Hutchinson J, et al. Design of a soft, parallel end-effector applied to robot-guided ultrasound interventions. In: Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). Vancouver, 2017. 3716–3721
Amiri Moghadam A A, Kouzani A, Torabi K, et al. Development of a novel soft parallel robot equipped with polymeric artificial muscles. Smart Mater Struct, 2015, 24: 035017
Garcia M, Moghadam A, Tekes A, et al. Development of a 3d printed soft parallel robot. In: Proceedings of ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. Online, 2020
Simaan N, Xu K, Wei W, et al. Design and integration of a telerobotic system for minimally invasive surgery of the throat. Int J Robot Res, 2009, 28: 1134–1153
Ding J, Goldman R E, Xu K, et al. Design and coordination kinematics of an insertable robotic effectors platform for single-port access surgery. IEEE ASME Trans Mechatron, 2012, 18: 1612–1624
Gosselin C. Cable-driven parallel mechanisms: State of the art and perspectives. Mech Eng Rev, 2014, 1: DSM0004
Qian S, Zi B, Shang W W, et al. A review on cable-driven parallel robots. Chin J Mech Eng, 2018, 31: 66
Li Y, Zi B, Yang Z M, et al. Combined kinematic and static analysis of an articulated lower limb traction device for a rehabilitation robotic system. Sci China Tech Sci, 2021, 64: 1189–1202
Skelton R, Helton J, Adhikari R, et al. An introduction to the mechanics of tensegrity structures, dynamics and control of aerospace systems. San Diego: CRC Press, 2002
Liu Y, Bi Q, Yue X, et al. A review on tensegrity structures-based robots. Mech Mach Theor, 2022, 168: 104571
Zhu Z, Cui H, Pochiraju K. US Patent, 11/909,852
Black C B, Till J, Rucker D C. Parallel continuum robots: Modeling, analysis, and actuation-based force sensing. IEEE Trans Robot, 2018, 34: 29–47
Pan H, Chen G, Kang Y, et al. Design and kinematic analysis of a flexible-link parallel mechanism with a spatially quasi-translational end effector. J Mech Robot, 2021, 13: 011022
Altuzarra O, Caballero D, Campa F, et al. Forward and inverse kinematics in 2-DOF planar parallel continuum manipulators. In: Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Mechanism Science. Cham: Springer, 2018. 231–238
Lilge S, Nuelle K, Boettcher G, et al. Tendon actuated continuous structures in planar parallel robots: A kinematic analysis. J Mech Robot, 2021, 13: 011025
Orekhov A, Aloi V, Rucker C. Modeling parallel continuum robots with general intermediate constraints. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). Singapore, 2017. 6142–6149
Wu G L, Shi G L, Shi Y L. Modeling and analysis of a parallel continuum robot using artificial neural network. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics (ICM). Churchill, 2017. 153–158
Wu G, Shi G. Experimental statics calibration of a multi-constraint parallel continuum robot. Mech Mach Theor, 2019, 136: 72–85
Altuzarra O, Diez M, Corral J, et al. Kinematic analysis of a continuum parallel robot. In: Proceedings of New Trends in Mechanism and Machine Science: Theory and Industrial Applications. Switzerland: Springer, 2017. 173–180
Altuzarra O, Urizar M, Cichella M, et al. Kinematic analysis of three degrees of freedom planar parallel continuum mechanisms. Mech Mach Theor, 2023, 185: 105311
Chen G, Zhang Z, Kong L, et al. Analysis and validation of a flexible planar two degrees-of-freedom parallel manipulator with structural passive compliance. J Mech Robot, 2020, 12: 011011
Chen G, Kang Y, Liang Z, et al. Kinetostatics modeling and analysis of parallel continuum manipulators. Mech Mach Theor, 2021, 163: 104380
Kang Y, Liang Z, Yan T, et al. Analysis and validation of a flexible limb/cable hybrid-driven parallel continuum manipulator. J Mech Robot, 2024, 16: 061010
Nuelle K, Sterneck T, Lilge S, et al. Modeling, calibration, and evaluation of a tendon-actuated planar parallel continuum robot. IEEE Robot Autom Lett, 2020, 5: 5811–5818
Boettcher G, Lilge S, Burgner-Kahrs J. Design of a reconfigurable parallel continuum robot with tendon-actuated kinematic chains. IEEE Robot Autom Lett, 2021, 6: 1272–1279
Escande C, Chettibi T, Merzouki R, et al. Kinematic calibration of a multisection bionic manipulator. IEEE ASME Trans Mechatron, 2015, 20: 663–674
Singh I, Singh M, Pathak P M, et al. Optimal work space of parallel continuum manipulator consisting of compact bionic handling arms. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). Macao, 2017. 258–263
Wen K, Burgner-Kahrs J. Modeling and analysis of tendon-driven parallel continuum robots under constant curvature and pseudo-rigid-body assumptions. J Mech Robot, 2022, 15: 041003
Kuo C H, Chen Y C, Pan T Y. Continuum kinematics of a planar dual-backbone robot based on pseudo-rigid-body model: Formulation, accuracy, and efficiency. In: Proceedings of International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. Cleveland, 2017
Altuzarra O, Caballero D, Campa F J, et al. Position analysis in planar parallel continuum mechanisms. Mech Mach Theor, 2019, 132: 13–29
Zaccaria F, Briot S, Chikhaoui T, et al. An analytical formulation for the geometrico-static problem of continuum planar parallel robots. In: Proceedings of Symposium on Robot Design, Dynamics and Control. Cham: Springer, 2020. 512–520
Wang W, Xi F, Tian Y, et al. Modeling and analysis of a planar soft panel continuum mechanism. J Mech Robot, 2020, 12: 044503
Shahabi E, Kuo C. Solving inverse kinematics of a planar dual-backbone continuum robot using neural network. In: Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Mechanism Science. Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2018. 355–361
Yan W, Chen G L, Tang S J, et al. Design of a reconfigurable planar parallel continuum manipulator with variable stiffness. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications. Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2021. 803–813
Zaccaria F, Ida E, Briot S, et al. Workspace Computation of Planar Continuum Parallel Robots. IEEE Robot Autom Lett, 2022, 7: 2700–2707
Till J, Rucker D C. Elastic stability of cosserat rods and parallel continuum robots. IEEE Trans Robot, 2017, 33: 718–733
Altuzarra O, Campa F. On singularity and instability in a planar parallel continuum mechanism. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Advances in Robot Kinematics. Cham: Springer, 2020. 27–334
Briot S, Goldsztejn A. Singularity conditions for continuum parallel robots. IEEE Trans Robot, 2022, 38: 507–525
Aloi V, Black C, Rucker C. Stiffness control of parallel continuum robots. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. Atlanta, 2018
Altuzarra O, Caballero D, Zhang Q, et al. Kinematic characteristics of parallel continuum mechanisms. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Advances in Robot Kinematics. Cham: Springer, 2018. 293–301
Li L, Zhao Y, Tian Y, et al. Shape modeling of a parallel soft panel continuum robot. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). Kuala Lumpur, 2018. 367–372
Mauzé B, Laurent G J, Dahmouche R, et al. Micrometer positioning accuracy with a planar parallel continuum robot. Front Robot AI, 2021, 8: 706070
Gallardo O, Mauzé B, Dahmouche R, et al. Turning an articulated 3-ppsr manipulator into a parallel continuum robot. In: Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). Prague, 2021. 4955–4960
Nwafor C, Laurent G J, Rabenorosoa K. Miniature parallel continuum robot made of glass: Analysis, design, and proof-of-concept. IEEE ASME Trans Mechatron, 2023, 28: 2038–2046
Duan X, Yan W, Chen G, et al. Analysis and validation of a planar parallel continuum manipulator with variable Cartesian stiffness. Mech Mach Theor, 2022, 177: 105030
Li Y, Liu Y, Zhang P, et al. Analytic formulation of kinematics for a planar continuum parallel manipulator with large-deflection links. J Intell Robot Syst, 2023, 107: 58
Ghafoori M, Keymasi Khalaji A. Modeling and experimental analysis of a multi-rod parallel continuum robot using the Cosserat theory. Robot Autonomous Syst, 2020, 134: 103650
Wu G, Shi G. Design, modeling, and workspace analysis of an extensible rod-driven parallel continuum robot. Mech Mach Theor, 2022, 172: 104798
Pan L, Zhang J W, Zhang D, et al. Modeling and analysis of a novel 3R parallel compliant mechanism. Machines, 2023, 11: 375
Lilge S, Burgner-Kahrs J. Kinetostatic modeling of tendon-driven parallel continuum robots. IEEE Trans Robot, 2022, 39: 1563–1579
Jones B A, Walker I D. Kinematics for multisection continuum robots. IEEE Trans Robot, 2006, 22: 43–55
Rucker D C, Jones B A, Webster III R J. A geometrically exact model for externally loaded concentric-tube continuum robots. IEEE Trans Robot, 2010, 26: 769–780
Howell L L, Midha A. A method for the design of compliant mechanisms with small-length flexural pivots. J Mech Des, 1994, 116: 280–290
Howell L L, Midha A. Parametric deflection approximations for end-loaded, large-deflection beams in compliant mechanisms. J Mech Des, 1995, 117: 156–165
Chen G M, Xiong B T, Huang X B. Finding the optimal characteristic parameters for 3R pseudo-rigid-body model using an improved particle swarm optimizer. Precis Eng-J Int Soc Precis Eng Nanotechnol, 2011, 35: 505–511
Saxena A, Kramer S N. A simple and accurate method for determining large deflections in compliant mechanisms subjected to end forces and moments. J Mech Des, 1998, 120: 392–400
Dado M H. Variable parametric pseudo-rigid-body model for large-deflection beams with end loads. Int J Non-Linear Mech, 2001, 36: 1123–1133
Kimball C, Tsai L. Modeling of flexural beams subjected to arbitrary end loads. J Mech Des, 2002, 124: 23–235
Su H J. A pseudorigid-body 3R model for determining large deflection of cantilever beams subject to tip loads. J Mech Robot, 2009, 1: 021008
Zhu S K, Yu Y Q. Pseudo-rigid-body model for the flexural beam with an inflection point in compliant mechanisms. J Mech Robot, 2017, 9: 031005
Yu Y Q, Zhu S K. 5R pseudo-rigid-body model for inflection beams in compliant mechanisms. Mech Mach Theor, 2017, 116: 501–512
Jin M, Yang Z, Ynchausti C, et al. Large-deflection analysis of general beams in contact-aided compliant mechanisms using chained pseudo-rigid-body model. J Mech Robot, 2020, 12: 031005
Howell L. Compliant Mechanisms. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001
Bisshopp K E, Drucker D C. Large deflection of cantilever beams. Quart Appl Math, 1945, 3: 272–275
Frisch-Fay R. Flexible Bars. London: Butterworths, 1962
Shoup T E. On the use of the nodal elastica for the analysis of flexible link devices. J Eng Ind, 1972, 94: 871–875
Zhang A, Chen G. A comprehensive elliptic integral solution to the large deflection problems of thin beams in compliant mechanisms. J Mech Robot, 2013, 5: 021006
Rubin M B. Cosserat Theories: Shells, Rods and Points. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media, 2000
Murray R, Li Z X, Sastry S. A Mathematical Introduction to Robotic Manipulation. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1994
Antman S S. Nonlinear Problems of Elasticity. New York: Springer, 2005
Pai D K. Strands: Interactive simulation of thin solids using cosserat models. In: Proceedings of Computer Graphics Forum. Oxford UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2002. 347–352
Trivedi D, Lotfi A, Rahn C D. Geometrically exact models for soft robotic manipulators. IEEE Trans Robot, 2008, 24: 773–780
Jones B, Gray R, Turlapati K. Three dimensional statics for continuum robotics. In: Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. St. Louis, 2009. 2659–2664
Chen G, Wang H, Lin Z, et al. The principal axes decomposition of spatial stiffness matrices. IEEE Trans Robot, 2015, 31: 191–207
Mauze B, Dahmouche R, Laurent G J, et al. Nanometer precision with a planar parallel continuum robot. IEEE Robot Autom Lett, 2020, 5: 3806–3813
Zaccaria F, Idá E, Briot S. A boundary computation algorithm for the workspace evaluation of continuum parallel robots. J Mech Robot, 2024, 16: 041010
McIntyre J, Mussa-Ivaldi F A, Bizzi E. The control of stable postures in the multijoint arm. Exp Brain Res, 1996, 110: 248–264
Gosselin C, Angeles J. Singularity analysis of closed-loop kinematic chains. IEEE Trans Robot Automat, 1990, 6: 281–290
Liu G, Lou Y, Li Z. Singularities of parallel manipulators: A geometric treatment. IEEE Trans Robot Automat, 2003, 19: 579–594
Merlet J P. Singular configurations. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006
Lilge S, Wen K, Burgner-Kahrs J. Singularity analysis of 3-DOF planar parallel continuum robots with constant curvature links. Front Robot AI, 2023, 9: 1082185
Huang T, Li Z, Li M, et al. Conceptual design and dimensional synthesis of a novel 2-DOF translational parallel robot for pick-and-place operations. J Mech Des, 2004, 126: 449–455
Gao F, Peng B, Zhao H, et al. A novel 5-DOF fully parallel kinematic machine tool. Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 2006, 31: 201–207
Wu J, Wang J, Wang L, et al. Dynamics and control of a planar 3-DOF parallel manipulator with actuation redundancy. Mech Mach Theor, 2009, 44: 835–849
Wu J, Gao Y, Zhang B, et al. Workspace and dynamic performance evaluation of the parallel manipulators in a spray-painting equipment. Robot Comput-Integrated Manuf, 2017, 44: 199–207
Wu J, Wang X, Zhang B, et al. Multi-objective optimal design of a novel 6-DOF spray-painting robot. Robotica, 2021, 39: 2268–2282
Dong W, Du Z, Xiao Y, et al. Development of a parallel kinematic motion simulator platform. Mechatronics, 2013, 23: 154–161
Díaz-Caneja D, Campa F, Altuzarra O, et al. A compliant parallel manipulator for trunk rehabilitation after stroke. In: Proceedings of New Trends in Medical and Service Robotics. Cham: Springer, 2021. 37–43
Chen S T, Wang Y S, Li D C, et al. Enhancing interaction performance of soft pneumatic-networks grippers by skeleton topology optimization. Sci China Tech Sci, 2021, 64: 2709–2717
Gai L J, Zong X F. A modular four-modal soft grasping device. Sci China Tech Sci, 2022, 65: 1845–1858
Frisoli A, Checcacci D, Salsedo F, et al. Synthesis by screw algebra of translating in-parallel actuated mechanisms. In: Proceedings of Advances in robot kinematics. Dordrecht: Springer, 2000. 433–440
Hervé J M. The lie group of rigid body displacements, a fundamental tool for mechanism design. Mecha Mach Theor, 1999, 34: 719–730
Meng J, Liu G, Li Z. A geometric theory for analysis and synthesis of sub-6 DoF parallel manipulators. IEEE Trans Robot, 2007, 23: 625–649
Gravagne I A, Rahn C D, Walker I D. Large deflection dynamics and control for planar continuum robots. IEEE ASME Trans Mechatron, 2003, 8: 299–307
Rucker D C, Webster III R J. Statics and dynamics of continuum robots with general tendon routing and external loading. IEEE Trans Robot, 2011, 27: 1033–1044
Rus D, Tolley M T. Design, fabrication and control of soft robots. Nature, 2015, 521: 467–475
Till J, Aloi V, Rucker C. Real-time dynamics of soft and continuum robots based on Cosserat rod models. Int J Robot Res, 2019, 38: 723–746
Boyer F, Lebastard V, Candelier F, et al. Dynamics of continuum and soft robots: A strain parameterization based approach. IEEE Trans Robot, 2021, 37: 847–863
Till J, Aloi V, Riojas K E, et al. A dynamic model for concentric tube robots. IEEE Trans Robot, 2020, 36: 1704–1718
Sadati S M H, Naghibi S E, Shiva A, et al. TMTDyn: A Matlab package for modeling and control of hybrid rigid-continuum robots based on discretized lumped systems and reduced-order models. Int J Robot Res, 2021, 40: 296–347
Yang D P, Liu H. Human-machine shared control: New avenue to dexterous prosthetic hand manipulation. Sci China Tech Sci, 2021, 64: 767–773
Yang B, Jiang L, Ge C Y, et al. Control of myoelectric prosthetic hand with a novel proximity-tactile sensor. Sci China Tech Sci, 2022, 65: 1513–1523
Zhang N B, Zhao Y, Gu G Y, et al. Synergistic control of soft robotic hands for human-like grasp postures. Sci China Tech Sci, 2022, 65: 553–568
Luo J J, Xun Y H, Yao J, et al. Sensor-based reconstruction of slender flexible beams undergoing large-scale deflection. In: Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Kyoto, 2022. 6936–6943
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFB4701200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant Nos. 52022056 and 51875334), and the Innovation Foundation of the Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center of Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (Grant No. COMAC-SFGS-2023-41).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, G., Tang, S., Duan, X. et al. Design, modeling, and evaluation of parallel continuum robots: A survey. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 67, 673–695 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-023-2547-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-023-2547-4