Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Predicting the penetration of long rods into semi-infinite metallic targets

  • Published:
Science China Technological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Analytical equations are presented herein to predict the penetration of semi-infinite metallic targets struck normally by long rods at high velocities for Y p<S where Y p is the rod strength and S is the static target resistance. The equations are derived based on energy balance method. It is assumed that the kinetic energy loss of a long rod is related to the energy dissipated by the plastic deformations in the target, the energy consumed by the long-rod penetrator itself and the energy carried by the eroded rod debris. Secondary penetration is also examined in the present paper due to the fact that the eroded rod debris forms a tube which can penetrate the target further if the density of the rod is greater than that of the target and the impact velocity is high enough. The present analytical equation is found to be in good agreement with the experimental data for a wide range of impact velocities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Eeferences

  1. Hohler V, Stilp A J. Hypervelocity impact of rod projectiles with L/D from 1 to 32. Int J Impact Eng, 1987, 5: 323–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson C E, Morris B L, Littlefield D L. A penetration mechanics database. Southwest Research Institute Report, San Antonio, TX, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  3. Stilp A, Hohler V. Aeroballistic and impact physics research at EMI an historical overview. Int J Impact Eng, 1995, 17: 785–805

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Zook J A, Frank K, Silsby G F. Terminal ballistics test and analysis guidelines for the penetration mechanics branch. In: US Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, 1992

  5. Goldsmith W. Non-ideal projectile impact on targets. Int J Impact Eng, 1999, 22: 95–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Orphal D L. Explosions and impacts. Int J Impact Eng, 2006, 33: 496–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Eichelberger R, Gehring J. Effects of meteoroid impacts on space vehicles. ARS J, 1962, 32: 1583–1591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Alekseevskii V. Penetration of a rod into a target at high velocity. Combust Explo Shock+, 1966, 2: 63–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Tate A. A theory for the deceleration of long rods after impact. J Mech Phys Solids, 1967, 15: 387–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Jones S E, Gillis P P, Foster J C, On the penetration of semi-infinite targets by long rods, J Mech Phys Solids, 1987, 35: 121–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Rosenberg Z, Marmor E, Mayseless M. On the hydrodynamic theory of long-rod penetration. Int J Impact Eng, 1990, 10: 483–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Walters W P, Segletes S B. An exact solution of the long rod penetration equations. Int J Impact Eng, 1991, 11: 225–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Grace F. Nonsteady penetration of longs rods into semi-infinite targets. Int J Impact Eng, 1993, 14: 303–314

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Walker J D, Anderson C E. A time-dependent model for long-rod penetration. Int J Impact Eng, 1995, 16: 19–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Wang P, Jones S. An elementary theory of one-dimensional rod penetration using a new estimate for pressure. Int J Impact Eng, 1996, 18: 265–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Walker J D. Hypervelocity penetration modeling: momentum vs. energy and energy transfer mechanisms. Int J Impact Eng, 2001, 26: 809–822

    Google Scholar 

  17. Rubin M, Yarin A. A generalized formula for the penetration depth of a deformable projectile. Int J Impact Eng, 2002, 27: 387–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Segletes S B, Walters W P. Extensions to the exact solution of the long-rod penetration/erosion equations. Int J Impact Eng, 2003, 28: 363–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wen H M, He Y, Lan B. Analytical model for cratering of semi-infinite metallic targets by long rod penetrators. Sci China Tech Sci, 2010, 53: 3189–3196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Lan B, Wen H M. Alekseevskii-Tate revisited: An extension to the modified hydrodynamic theory of long rod penetration. Sci China Tech Sci, 2010, 53: 1364–1373

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Pack D C, Evans W M. Penetration by high-velocity (‘Munroe’) jets. In: Proceedings of the Physical Society, London. 1951, B64: 298–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Christman D, Gehring J. Analysis of high-velocity projectile penetration mechanics. J Appl Phys, 1966, 37: 1579–1587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Tate A. Long rod penetration models-Part II. Extensions to the hydrodynamic theory of penetration. Int J Mech Sci, 1986, 28: 599–612

    Google Scholar 

  24. Allen W A, Rogers J W. Penetration of a rod into a semi-infinite target. J Franklin Inst, 1961, 272: 275–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Orphal D L, Anderson C E. Streamline reversal in hypervelocity penetration. Int J Impact Eng, 1999, 23: 699–710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Hill R. Cavitation and the influence of headshape in attack of thick targets by non-deforming projectiles. J Mech Phys Solids, 1980, 28: 249–263

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. Franzen R R, Schneidewind P N. Observations concerning the penetration mechanics of tubular hypervelocity penetrators. Int J Impact Eng, 1991, 11: 289–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Lee M, Bless S J. Cavity models for solid and hollow projectiles, Int J Impact Eng, 1998, 21: 881–894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Silsby G F. Penetration of semi-infinite steel targets by tungsten long rods at 1.3 to 4.5 km/s. In: 8th International Symposium on Ballistics, Orlando, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hohler V, Stilp A J. A penetration mechanics database. In: Anderson, Jr C E, Morris B L, Littlefield D L. eds. No. SWRI-3593/001. Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 1992. A76–A82

  31. Wen H M, He Y, Lan B. A combined numerical and theoretical study on the penetration of a jacketed rod into semi-infinite targets. Int J Impact Eng, 2011, 38: 1001–1010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Cullis I, Lynch N. Hydrocode and experimental analysis of scale size jacketed KE projectiles. In: 14th Int Symp on Ballistics, Quebec, 1993. 271

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CAS Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China

    Yu He & HeMing Wen

Authors
  1. Yu He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. HeMing Wen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to HeMing Wen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

He, Y., Wen, H. Predicting the penetration of long rods into semi-infinite metallic targets. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 56, 2814–2820 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-013-5357-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-013-5357-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation