Abstract
Wind power resources are abundant in China, especially in northern China and eastern coastal areas of China. Nevertheless, wind energy has intermittent and unstable characteristics, which leads to random power output and limits the large-scale utilization of wind energy resources. It has been shown that geographically dispersed wind plants have obvious spatiotemporal offsetting effect. Power output from each individual site exhibits the power ups and downs. However, when we simulate power lines connecting sites over a certain region, the output from them changes slowly and rarely reaches either very low or full power. Hence using the spatiotemporal complementarity of wind resources effectively is highly beneficial to the smoothing of power supply. This paper investigates the spatiotemporal complementarity of wind resources in China based on the relevant data of wind energy resources, which are offered by China Meteorological Administration (CMA).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Xiao L Y, Lin L Z. Construction of unified new-energy based power grid and promotion of China’s smart grid. Adv Technol Elec Eng Energy, 2009, 4: 54–59
Li J F, Shi P F, Gao H. China Wind Power Outlook 2010 (in Chinese). Haikou: Haikou Publishing House, 2010. 2–3
Wan Z H. Seven wind power bases to be set up by 2020. China Daily. Website http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2009-06/30/content_8335789.htm
Chi Y N, Liu Y H, Wang W S, et al. Study on impact of wind power integration on power system. Power Sys Technol, 2007, 31(3): 77–81
Horne J, Flynn D, Littler T. Frequency stability issues for islanded power systems. IEEE Trans Power System, 2004, 291: 299–306
Sun T, Wang W, Dai H, et al. Voltage fluctuation and flicker caused by wind power generation. Power Sys Technol, 2003, 27(12): 62–66
Holttinen H. The impact of large scale wind power production on the Nordic electricity system. Doctoral Dissertation. Espoo: Helsinki University of Technology, 2004
Sensarma P, Padiyar K, Ramanarayanan V. Analysis and performance evaluation of a distribution STATCOM for compensating voltage fluctuations. IEEE Trans Power Delivery, 2001, 16(2): 259–264
Han C, Huang A Q, Baran M E, et al. STATCOM impact study on the integration of a large wind farm into a weak loop power system. IEEE Trans Energy Conversion, 2008, 23(1): 226–233
Saad-Saoud Z, Lisboa M, Ekanayake J, et al. Application of STATCOMs to wind farms. IET, 1998. 511–516.
Khan M, Iqbal M. Analysis of a small wind-hydrogen stand-alone hybrid energy system. Appl Energy, 2009, 86(11): 2429–2442
Ibrahim H, Ilinca A, Perron J. Energy storage systems-Characteristics and comparisons. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev, 2008, 12(5): 1221–1250
Bullough C, Gatzen C, Jakiel C, et al. Advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage for the integration of wind energy. European Wind Energy Conference, EWEC 2004, 2004, 22–25
Nomura S, Ohata Y, Hagita T, et al. Wind farms linked by SMES systems. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond, 2005, 15(2): 1951–1954
Kahn E. The reliability of distributed wind generators. Elec Power Sys Res, 1979, 2(1): 1–14
Simonsen T K, Stevens B G. Regional wind energy analysis for the Central United States. Proceedings of the Global Wind Power Conference 2004. American Wind Energy Association, Washington DC, 2004. 1–16
Czisch G, Ernst B. High wind power penetration by the systematic use of smoothing effects within huge catchment areas shown in a European example. Proceedings of Windpower 2001. American Wind Energy Association, ISET, Universitat Gesamthochschule Kassel, Germany, 2001
Ernst B, Wan Y, Kirby B. Short-term fluctuation of wind-turbines looking at data from the German 250 MW measurement program from the ancillary point services viewpoint. American Wind Energy Association Windpower’ 99 Conference, Washington DC, 1999
Milligan M R, Factor T. Optimizing the geographic distribution of wind plants in Iowa for maximum economic benefit and reliability. Wind Eng, 2000, 24(4): 271–290
Holttinen H, Hirvonen R. Power system requirements for wind power. In: Ackermann T, ed. Wind Power in Power Systems. New York: Wiley, 2005. 143–167
DeCarolis J F, Keith D W. The economics of large-scale wind power in a carbon constrained world. Energy Policy, 2006, 34(4): 395–410
Oswald J, Raine M, Ashraf-Ball H. Will British weather provide reliable electricity? Energy Policy, 2008, 36(8): 3212–3225
Burton T. Wind Energy Handbook. New York: Wiley, 2001
Li H Q, Wang L M. Cost estimate of carbon emission reduction of China’s wind energy and its spatiotemporal diversity (in Chinese). Geogr Sci, 2010, 30(5):651–659
Gipe P. Wind Power: Renewable Energy for Home, Farm, and Business. Chelsea: Chelsea Green Pub Co, 2003
Yu D, Liang J, Han X, et al. Profiling the regional wind power fluctuation in China. Energy Policy, 2011, 39(1): 299–306
Manwell J F, McGowan J G, Rogers A L. Wind Energy Explained. Wiley Online Library, 2002
Yang X, Xiao Y, Chen S. Wind speed and generated power forecasting in wind farm. Proceedings-Chin Soc Elec Eng, 2005, 25(11): 1–5
Sinden G. Characteristics of the UK wind resource: long-term patterns and relationship to electricity demand. Energy Policy, 2007, 35(1): 112–127
Kempton W, Archer C L, Dhanju A, et al. Large CO2 reductions via offshore wind power matched to inherent storage in energy end-uses. Geophys Res Lett, 2007, 34(2): LO2817
Hoicka C E, Rowlands I H. Solar and wind resource complementarity: Advancing options for renewable electricity integration in Ontario, Canada. Renewable Energy, 2011, 36(1): 97–107
Rowlands I H, Jernigan C. Wind power in Ontario. Bull Sci, Technol & Soc, 2008, 28(6): 436–436
Alexiadis M, Dokopoulos P, Sahsamanoglou H, et al. Short-term forecasting of wind speed and related electrical power. Solar Energy, 1998, 63(1): 61–68
Barbounis T G, Theocharis J B, Alexiadis M C, et al. Long-term wind speed and power forecasting using local recurrent neural network models. IEEE Trans Energy Conversion, 2006, 21(1): 273–284
Holttinen H. Impact of hourly wind power variations on the system operation in the Nordic countries. Wind Energy, 2005, 8(2): 197–218
Ummels B C, Gibescu M, Pelgrum E, et al. Impacts of wind power on thermal generation unit commitment and dispatch. IEEE Trans Energy Conversion, 2007, 22(1): 44–51
Pan Z Q. Impact of Large wind farms on peak load regulating (in Chinese). Wind Power, 1996, (1): 26–30
Exell R. The wind energy potential of Thailand. Solar Energy, 1985, 35(1): 3–13
Lemonsu A, Masson V. Simulation of a summer urban breeze over Paris. Boundary-Layer Meteorol, 2002, 104(3): 463–490
Chen W, Zhou F, Han X Y, et al. Study of the characteristic of power load in China (in Chinese). Eco Technol Power, 2008, 20(4): 25–29
M G, Cui Y, Gan G Y. A static optimization method to determine integrated power transmission capacity of clustering wind farms. J Chinese Elec Eng Sci, 2011, 31(1): 15–18
Xiao L Y, Lin L Z. Investigations on future power drid. Adv Technol Elec Eng Energy, 2011, 30(1): 56–63
Xiao L Y, Lin L Z, Liu Y. Discussions on the architecture and operation mode of future power grids. Energies, 2011, 4(7): 1025–1035
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, Y., Xiao, L., Wang, H. et al. Investigation on the spatiotemporal complementarity of wind energy resources in China. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 55, 725–734 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-011-4678-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-011-4678-4