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Discovery of the largest natural carbon onions on Earth

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Abstract

The synthesis of carbon onions in the laboratory by various methods is common; however, naturally occurring carbon onions have only been found in a few geological samples on Earth. This study used high-resolution transmission electron microscopy to identify natural carbon onions in seven intrusion-affected coal samples collected from Permian coal-bearing strata in the Yongan Coalfield, Fujian Province, South China. This study identified the largest natural carbon onions ever recorded on Earth; their outer diameter was ∼55 nm. Granite porphyry intrusions and quartz hydrothermal veins are abundant in the Permian coal-bearing strata in this coalfield. All samples collected were tectonically deformed coals with highly developed structural fractures, friction mirror planes, and maximum vitrinite reflectance values of 4.0–9.5%. Natural carbon onions observed in the coal samples had single or multiple cores, with 24–46 graphitic shells characterized by outer diameters of 24–55 nm. The maximum vitrinite reflectance, outer diameter, and graphitic shell number of carbon onions in the intrusion-affected coal were positively correlated, indicating that the carbon onions were secondary products formed during coal metamorphism owing to magmatic intrusion. Our results suggest that carbon onions in intrusion-affected coal are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. We speculate that natural carbon onions exist mainly in fractures or cavities, similar to vapor-deposited pyrolytic carbon, which is the leading cause of the uneven distribution of carbon onions in intrusion-affected coals in the study area.

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Acknowledgements

We are extremely grateful to Chief Engineer Quanlin CHEN and Senior Engineer Ruijin DENG of Fujian Administration of Coal Geology for their great help in collecting geological samples, Professor Ningning ZHONG and Qingyong LUO of China University of Petroleum (Beijing) for their help in using reflected-light microscope, and Dr. Yu SONG of China University of Mining and Technology for his help in using fast Fourier transform (FFT) to calculate the interlayer spacing (d002) between the graphitic layers of carbon onions. We are also very grateful to the responsible editor and reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42130802 and 41972176) and the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.

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  1. Key Laboratory of Coalbed Methane Resources and Reservoir Formation Process of the Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China

    Yilin Chen, Yong Qin, Jiuqing Li, Zhuangfu Li & Tianyu Yang

  2. School of Resources and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China

    Yilin Chen, Yong Qin, Jiuqing Li, Zhuangfu Li & Tianyu Yang

  3. State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China

    Ergang Lian

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Chen, Y., Qin, Y., Li, J. et al. Discovery of the largest natural carbon onions on Earth. Sci. China Earth Sci. 65, 1736–1750 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-021-9951-x

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