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Therapie des diabetischen Makulaödems

Treatment of diabetic macular edema

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Diabetologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Das diabetische Makulaödem (DMÖ) ist eine häufige Ursache diabetesbedingter Sehminderung und betrifft auch das Erwerbsalter. Lasertherapie war lange Standard. Mit der Einführung effektiver antiödematöser, intravitreal applizierbarer Medikamente erweiterte sich das Therapiespektrum wesentlich, wodurch eine individualisierte DMÖ-Behandlung möglich wurde und sich die Visusprognose verbesserte.

Ziel der Arbeit

Es wird ein Überblick über aktuelle Therapieoptionen und ihren Stellenwert in der DMÖ-Behandlung gegeben.

Ergebnisse

Inhibitoren von VEGF („vascular endothelial growth factor“) sind die Therapie der 1. Wahl und der Laserbehandlung überlegen, wenn das DMÖ die Fovea erfasst. Neben Ranibizumab und Aflibercept wird Bevacizumab „off label“ eingesetzt. Hohe Therapiefrequenzen mit im Mittel 8–9 Injektionen im 1. Jahr und monatlichen Kontrollen möglichst unter Verwendung optischer Kohärenztomographie sind entscheidend. Danach sinkt die nötige Injektionszahl. Der in Studien angegebene Visusgewinn von im Mittel 2–3 Zeilen wird in der Realität meist nicht erreicht. Intravitreale dexamethason- oder fluocinolonhaltige Implantate bieten eine längere Wirkdauer, sind aber wegen möglicher Katarakt- und Glaukominduktion 2. Wahl. Auch die (additive) Lasertherapie bleibt eine Option (1. Wahl bei extrafovealem DMÖ). In Sondersituationen kann eine Vitrektomie indiziert sein.

Schlussfolgerung

Die moderne DMÖ-Therapie ermöglicht ein individuell angepasstes Vorgehen, basierend auf multimodaler Diagnostik unter Berücksichtigung der Patientenwünsche und der individuellen Situation. Zur effektiven Nutzung ihrer Chancen bedarf es der rechtzeitigen Diagnosestellung (Screening), ausreichenden Patientenmotivation (Information) und angemessenen Einstellung der Risikofaktoren.

Abstract

Background

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a common cause of diabetes-related visual impairment that also affects patients of working age. Laser treatment has been the gold standard of DME treatment for decades. The introduction of intravitreal injection therapies, e. g. anti-VEGF therapy, has widened the range of treatment options. This allows more individualized DME therapy and improves the prognosis for vision.

Objectives

This article aims to provide a short overview of current therapy options and their relevance in DME treatment based on recent studies and treatment recommendations.

Results

VEGF-Inhibitors represent a first-line treatment and are superior to laser treatment when DME affects the fovea. In addition to ranibizumab and aflibercept, bevacizumab is used off-label. High treatment frequencies with an average of seven to nine injections in the 1st year and monthly controls, if possible using optical coherence tomography, are crucial. The number of injections required decreases thereafter. The gain in visual acuity of on average two to three lines demonstrated in studies is usually not achieved in real life due to under-treatment. Intravitreal steroids provide longer treatment effects, but are second choice due to local side effects, mainly cataract and glaucoma. Laser therapy remains an option (1st choice in extrafoveal DME). In special cases, vitrectomy may be indicated.

Conclusions

Modern DME treatment permits individualized therapies based on multimodal diagnostics while taking the patient’s individual situation and wishes into account. However, in order to make effective use of these opportunities , early diagnosis (screening), adequate patient motivation, and appropriate risk factor adjustment are required.

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Correspondence to Georg Spital.

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Interessenkonflikt

G. Spital gibt den Erhalt von Vortragshonoraren und Beratungstätigkeiten bei Bayer, Novartis, Zeiss und Allergan an.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine vom Autor durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Spital, G. Therapie des diabetischen Makulaödems. Diabetologe 14, 577–589 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-018-0404-1

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