Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Das diabetische Makulaödem (DMÖ) ist eine häufige Ursache diabetesbedingter Sehminderung und betrifft auch das Erwerbsalter. Lasertherapie war lange Standard. Mit der Einführung effektiver antiödematöser, intravitreal applizierbarer Medikamente erweiterte sich das Therapiespektrum wesentlich, wodurch eine individualisierte DMÖ-Behandlung möglich wurde und sich die Visusprognose verbesserte.
Ziel der Arbeit
Es wird ein Überblick über aktuelle Therapieoptionen und ihren Stellenwert in der DMÖ-Behandlung gegeben.
Ergebnisse
Inhibitoren von VEGF („vascular endothelial growth factor“) sind die Therapie der 1. Wahl und der Laserbehandlung überlegen, wenn das DMÖ die Fovea erfasst. Neben Ranibizumab und Aflibercept wird Bevacizumab „off label“ eingesetzt. Hohe Therapiefrequenzen mit im Mittel 8–9 Injektionen im 1. Jahr und monatlichen Kontrollen möglichst unter Verwendung optischer Kohärenztomographie sind entscheidend. Danach sinkt die nötige Injektionszahl. Der in Studien angegebene Visusgewinn von im Mittel 2–3 Zeilen wird in der Realität meist nicht erreicht. Intravitreale dexamethason- oder fluocinolonhaltige Implantate bieten eine längere Wirkdauer, sind aber wegen möglicher Katarakt- und Glaukominduktion 2. Wahl. Auch die (additive) Lasertherapie bleibt eine Option (1. Wahl bei extrafovealem DMÖ). In Sondersituationen kann eine Vitrektomie indiziert sein.
Schlussfolgerung
Die moderne DMÖ-Therapie ermöglicht ein individuell angepasstes Vorgehen, basierend auf multimodaler Diagnostik unter Berücksichtigung der Patientenwünsche und der individuellen Situation. Zur effektiven Nutzung ihrer Chancen bedarf es der rechtzeitigen Diagnosestellung (Screening), ausreichenden Patientenmotivation (Information) und angemessenen Einstellung der Risikofaktoren.
Abstract
Background
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a common cause of diabetes-related visual impairment that also affects patients of working age. Laser treatment has been the gold standard of DME treatment for decades. The introduction of intravitreal injection therapies, e. g. anti-VEGF therapy, has widened the range of treatment options. This allows more individualized DME therapy and improves the prognosis for vision.
Objectives
This article aims to provide a short overview of current therapy options and their relevance in DME treatment based on recent studies and treatment recommendations.
Results
VEGF-Inhibitors represent a first-line treatment and are superior to laser treatment when DME affects the fovea. In addition to ranibizumab and aflibercept, bevacizumab is used off-label. High treatment frequencies with an average of seven to nine injections in the 1st year and monthly controls, if possible using optical coherence tomography, are crucial. The number of injections required decreases thereafter. The gain in visual acuity of on average two to three lines demonstrated in studies is usually not achieved in real life due to under-treatment. Intravitreal steroids provide longer treatment effects, but are second choice due to local side effects, mainly cataract and glaucoma. Laser therapy remains an option (1st choice in extrafoveal DME). In special cases, vitrectomy may be indicated.
Conclusions
Modern DME treatment permits individualized therapies based on multimodal diagnostics while taking the patient’s individual situation and wishes into account. However, in order to make effective use of these opportunities , early diagnosis (screening), adequate patient motivation, and appropriate risk factor adjustment are required.
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Literatur
Avery RL, Gordon GM (2016) Systemic safety of prolonged monthly anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for diabetic macular edema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol 134:21–29
Brown DM, Nguyen QD, Marcus DM et al (2013) Long-term outcomes of ranibizumab therapy for diabetic macular edema: the 36-month results from two phase III trials: RISE and RIDE. Ophthalmology 120:2013–2022
Bundesärztekammer (Bäk), KBK, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF) (2015) Nationale Versorgungs-Leitlinie Prävention und Therapie von Netzhautkomplikationen bei Diabetes – Langfassung, 2. Auflage. https://www.leitlinien.de/nvl/diabetes/netzhautkomplikationen. Zugegriffen: 16. Apr. 2018
Diep TM, Tsui I (2013) Risk factors associated with diabetic macular edema. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 100:298–305
Early Treatment Diabetc Retinopathy Study Research Group (1987) Treatment techniques and clinical guidelines for photocoagulation of diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 2. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Ophthalmology 94:761–774
Elman MJ, Ayala A, Bressler NM et al (2015) Intravitreal Ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema with prompt versus deferred laser treatment: 5‑year randomized trial results. Ophthalmology 122:375–381
Goni FJ, Stalmans I, Denis P et al (2016) Elevated intraocular pressure after intravitreal steroid injection in diabetic macular edema: monitoring and management. Ophthalmol Ther 5:47–61
Hammes HP, Welp R, Kempe HP et al (2015) Risk factors for retinopathy and DME in type 2 diabetes-results from the German/Austrian DPV Database. PLoS ONE 10:e132492
Happich M, John J, Stamenitis S et al (2008) The quality of life and economic burden of neuropathy in diabetic patients in Germany in 2002—results from the Diabetic Microvascular Complications (DIMICO) study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 81:223–230
Hirneiss C, Neubauer AS, Tribus C et al (2006) Value-based medicine in ophthalmology. Ophthalmologe 103:493–500
Jackson TL, Nicod E, Angelis A et al (2017) Pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and synthesis of safety literature. Retina 37:886–895
Raum P, Lamparter J, Ponto KA et al (2015) Prevalence and cardiovascular associations of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy: results from the Gutenberg Health Study. PLoS ONE 10:e127188
Rinaldi M, Dell’omo R, Morescalchi F et al (2017) ILM peeling in nontractional diabetic macular edema: review and metanalysis. Int Ophthalmol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-017-0761-6
Ross EL, Hutton DW, Stein JD et al (2016) Cost-effectiveness of Aflibercept, Bevacizumab, and Ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema treatment: analysis from the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network Comparative Effectiveness Trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 134:888–896
Sabanayagam C, Yip W, Ting DS et al (2016) Ten emerging trends in the epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 23:209–222
Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Bandello F et al (2017) Guidelines for the management of diabetic macular edema by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA). Ophthalmologica 237:185–222
Schmidt-Erfurth U, Lang GE, Holz FG et al (2014) Three-year outcomes of individualized ranibizumab treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema: the RESTORE extension study. Ophthalmology 121:1045–1053
Shah SU, Maturi RK (2017) Therapeutic options in refractory diabetic macular oedema. Drugs 77:481–492
Solomon SD, Chew E, Duh EJ et al (2017) Diabetic retinopathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 40:412–418
Strain WD, Cos X, Prunte C (2017) Considerations for management of patients with diabetic macular edema: optimizing treatment outcomes and minimizing safety concerns through interdisciplinary collaboration. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 126:1–9
Wecker T, Ehlken C, Buhler A et al (2017) Five-year visual acuity outcomes and injection patterns in patients with pro-re-nata treatments for AMD, DME, RVO and myopic CNV. Br J Ophthalmol 101:353–359
Wells JA, Glassman AR, Ayala AR et al (2016) Aflibercept, Bevacizumab, or Ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: two-year results from a comparative effectiveness randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology 123:1351–1359
Wilke RGH, Finger RP, Sachs HG (2017) Real-life data on the treatment of diabetic macular oedema in Germany. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 234:1502–1507
Xie J, Ikram MK, Cotch MF et al (2017) Association of diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol 135:586–593
Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R et al (2012) Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 35:556–564
Ziemssen F, Helbig H, Lemmen KD et al (2013) Stellungnahme der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, der Retinologischen Gesellschaft und des Berufsverbandes derAugenärzte Deutschlands: Therapie der diabetischen Makulopathie (Stand April 2013). Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 230:614–628 (Statement of the German Ophthalmological Society, the Retina Society and the Professional Association of German Ophthalmologists: treatment of diabetic maculopathy (April 2013))
Ziemssen F, Lemmen K, Bertram B et al (2016) National guidelines for treatment of diabetic retinopathy: second edition of the national guidelines for treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmologe 113:623–638
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Interessenkonflikt
G. Spital gibt den Erhalt von Vortragshonoraren und Beratungstätigkeiten bei Bayer, Novartis, Zeiss und Allergan an.
Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine vom Autor durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Spital, G. Therapie des diabetischen Makulaödems. Diabetologe 14, 577–589 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-018-0404-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-018-0404-1