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Regulation des Mikrobioms über Ernährungseinflüsse

Regulation of the microbiome by diet

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Diabetologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Art der Ernährung bestimmt die Zusammensetzung der intestinalen Mikrobiota sowie das Spektrum und die Menge der im Kolon gebildeten kurzkettigen Fettsäuren.

Kurzkettige Fettsäuren

Neben ihrer Rolle als Energielieferanten fungieren sie als Bausteine und üben regulatorische Funktionen im Wirtsorganismus aus. So dienen Azetat für die Lipogenese und Propionat für die Glukoneogenese als Baustein. Kurzkettige Fettsäuren fungieren aber auch als Liganden von Rezeptoren, die an der Regulation des Energiestoffwechsels des Wirtsorganismus beteiligt sind.

Mikrobiom und Adipositas

Adipositas lässt sich durch Transplantation der intestinalen Mikrobiota adipöser Menschen oder übergewichtiger Mäuse auf keimfreie Mäuse übertragen. Es gibt erste Hinweise auf intestinale Bakterien, welche Adipositas und metabolische Erkrankungen fördern, während andere Darmbakterien sie eher verhindern. Die dem zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen sind weitgehend unverstanden.

Abstract

Background

Nutrition affects the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the spectrum and the amount of short-chain fatty acids produced in the colon.

Short-chain fatty acids

Besides their role as an energy source, short-chain fatty acids have regulatory functions in the host. Thus, acetate serves as a building block in lipogenesis and propionate in gluconeogenesis. However, short-chain fatty acids they are also ligands of receptors that may play a role in the regulation of host energy metabolism.

The microbiome and obesity

Obesity can be transferred to germfree mice by transplanting the intestinal microbiota from obese humans or rodents. There are some hints that certain members of the intestinal microbiota promote obesity and metabolic disease while others do the opposite. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Abteilung Gastrointestinale Mikrobiologie (GAMI), Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, 14558, Nuthetal, Deutschland

    M. Blaut

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Blaut, M. Regulation des Mikrobioms über Ernährungseinflüsse. Diabetologe 12, 394–400 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-016-0130-5

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