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Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

Eine wichtige Differenzialdiagnose des früh manifestierenden Diabetes mellitus

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

A rare but important differential diagnosis of type 1 diabetes

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Zusammenfassung

Der „maturity-onset diabetes of the young“ (MODY) ist eine seltene, aber wichtige Differenzialdiagnose bei Manifestation eines Diabetes im Kindes- und Jugendalter sowie im frühen Erwachsenenalter. Gemeinsam ist den 10 verschiedenen MODY-Formen der monogene Erbgang mit autosomal-dominant vererbten Mutationen in Genen, die u. a. an der Insulinsekretion beteiligt sind. Von klinischer Bedeutung sind vor allem der MODY 2 (Glukokinase-MODY) und der MODY 3 (HNF1A-MODY). Patienten mit MODY 2 fallen meist zufällig mit Hyperglykämien im Rahmen von Laborkontrollen auf, ohne dass Symptome eines Diabetes vorliegen. Eine alleinige diätetische Therapie ist bei MODY 2 meist ausreichend. Bei einem MODY 3 besteht in der Regel ein progressiver Verlauf mit Abnahme der Insulinsekretion. Dies führt zu einer zunehmenden Hyperglykämie. Behandelt wird zunächst mit Sulfonylharnstoffen, später dann mit Insulin. Die übrigen MODY-Typen sind wesentlich seltener, weisen aber oft eigene Charakteristika auf. Die Diagnose eines MODY beeinflusst das Management des Diabetes und hat zudem eine wichtige Bedeutung für die genetische Beratung und die Früherkennung eines Diabetes bei Familienmitgliedern.

Abstract

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a rare but important differential diagnosis of diabetes presenting in childhood, adolescence or young adulthood. Common features of the 10 known MODY forms are autosomal dominant inheritance of mutations in genes involved, e.g. in the regulation of insulin secretion or β-cell development. The most common forms are MODY2 (glucokinase MODY) and MODY3 (HNF1A-MODY). Patients with MODY2 initially present with hyperglycemia during an incidental laboratory control without any clinical symptoms of diabetes and diet alone is usually sufficient for glycemic control. MODY3 is characterized by progressive hyperglycemia as a result of a decrease in insulin secretion capacity. Most patients are initially successfully treated with sulphonyl ureas but might later require insulin treatment. The other MODY forms occur much less frequently and can show specific clinical signs. Diagnosis of MODY has direct impact on the management of diabetes, genetic counselling and early diagnosing of diabetes in affected family members.

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Meissner, T., Marquard, J. & Schober, E. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). Diabetologe 6, 219–230 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11428-010-0543-5

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