References
Al-Samkari, H., and Kuter, D.J. (2018). An alternative intermittent eltrombopag dosing protocol for the treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 84, 2673–2677.
Boccia, R., Boxer, M.A., Ghanima, W., Hill, Q.A., Sholzberg, M., Tarantino, M.D., Kreychman, Y., Numerof, R.P., Olender, B., Todd, L., et al. (2019). Enhanced responses to fostamatinib as second-line therapy and in persistent immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) patients. Blood 134, 1069.
Bussel, J.B., Saleh, M.N., Vasey, S.Y., Mayer, B., Arning, M., and Stone, N. L. (2013). Repeated short-term use of eltrombopag in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Br J Haematol 160, 538–546.
Bussel, J., Arnold, D.M., Grossbard, E., Mayer, J., Trelihski, J., Homenda, W., Hellmann, A., Windyga, J., Sivcheva, L., Khalafallah, A.A., et al. (2018). Fostamatinib for the treatment of adult persistent and chronic immune thrombocytopenia: results of two phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Hematol 93, 921–930.
Dai, L., Zhang, R., Wang, Z., He, Y., Bai, X., Zhu, M., Yu, Z., and Ruan, C. G. (2016). Efficacy of immunomodulatory therapy with all-trans retinoid acid in adult patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res 140, 73–80.
Feng, F.E., Feng, R., Wang, M., Zhang, J.M., Jiang, H., Jiang, Q., Lu, J., Liu, H., Peng, J., Hou, M., et al. (2017). Oral all-trans retinoic acid plus danazol versus danazol as second-line treatment in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol 4, e487–e496.
Fu, H., Zhao, J., Xu, L., Liu, K., Wang, Y., Chen, H., Han, W., Wang, J., Wang, F., Huang, X., et al. (2019). Reduced β2-GPI is associated with increased platelet aggregation and activation in patients with prolonged isolated thrombocytopenia after allo-HSCT. Sci China Life Sci 62, 921–929.
He, Y., Xu, L.L., Feng, F.E., Wang, Q.M., Zhu, X.L., Wang, C.C., Zhang, J. M., Fu, H.X., Xu, L.P., Liu, K.Y., et al. (2018). Mesenchymal stem cell deficiency influences megakaryocytopoiesis through the TNFAIP3/NF-κB/SMAD pathway in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 180, 395–411.
Huang, Q.S., Xue, J., Wang, C.C., Qin, Y.Z., Xu, L.P., Liu, K., Huang, X.J., and Zhang, X.H. (2019). ATRA could correct the defective S1P-mediated cytoskeletal reorganization in proplatelet formation of ITP. Blood 134, 218.
Kiessling, P., Lledo-Garcia, R., Watanabe, S., Langdon, G., Tran, D., Bari, M., Christodoulou, L., Jones, E., Price, G., Smith, B., et al. (2017). The FcRn inhibitor rozanolixizumab reduces human serum IgG concentration: a randomized phase 1 study. Sci Transl Med 9, eaan1208.
Newland, A.C., Sánchez-González, B., Rejtő L., Egyed, M., Romanyuk, N., Godar, M., Verschueren, K., Gandini, D., Ulrichts, P., Beauchamp, J., et al. (2020). Phase 2 study ofefgartigimod, a novel FcRn antagonist, in adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol 95, 178–187.
Robak, T., Kaźmierczak, M., Jarque, I., Musteata, V., Trelinski, J., Cooper, N., Kiessling, P., Massow, U., Woltering, F., Snipes, R., et al. (2019). Rozanolixizumab, an anti-FcRn antibody: final results from a phase II, multiple-dose study in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 134, 897.
Visani, G., Ottaviani, E., Zauli, G., Tosi, P., Pellacani, A., Isidori, A., Pierpaoli, S., and Tura, S. (1999). All-trans retinoic acid at low concentration directly stimulates normal adult megakaryocytopoiesis in the presence of thrombopoietin or combined cytokines. Eur J Haematol 63, 149–153.
Xu, L.L., Fu, H.X., Zhang, J.M., Feng, F.E., Wang, Q.M., Zhu, X.L., Xue, J., Wang, C.C., Chen, Q., Liu, X., et al. (2017). Impaired function of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from immune thrombocytopenia patients in inducing regulatory dendritic cell differentiation through the Notch-1/Jagged-1 signaling pathway. Stem Cells Dev 26, 1648–1661.
Xue, J., Feng, R., Fu, H., Jiang, Q., Jiang, H., Lu, J., Liu, H., Wang, J., Niu, T., Wang, X., et al. (2018). Combined prednisone and levothyroxine improve treatment of severe thrombocytopenia in hepatitis B with compensatory cirrhosis accompanied by subclinical and overt hypothyroidism. Sci China Life Sci 61, 924–933.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (Z171100001017084), Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (81730004), and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7171013).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Compliance and ethics
The author(s) declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Supporting Information
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zeng, Q., Zhang, X. Current and emerging treatments based on novel mechanisms for immune thrombocytopenia. Sci. China Life Sci. 63, 1597–1599 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1757-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1757-2