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Does the Gonostomum-patterned oral apparatus in hypotrichia carry a phylogenetic signal? Evidence from morphological and molecular data based on extended taxon sampling using three nuclear genes (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea)

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Abstract

The classification of hypotrichs based on the gonostomatid oral structure is widely accepted, but the phylogenetic signal of this character is unknown. Here, we infer the species phylogeny of those gonostomatids for which molecular data are available, plus 26 new sequences of SSU-rDNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and LSU-rDNA genes. The results indicate that: (i) the endoral is more phylogenetically informative than the paroral; (ii) the structure of the endoral and the Gonostomum-pattern adoral zone of membranelles are plesiomorphies for the hypotrichs sensu stricto; (iii) the group of species possessing these features is monophyletic in all our phylogenetic analyses, except that for the SSU-rDNA; (iv) Schmidingerotrichidae is monophyletic in all trees, suggesting that it is a well-defined family; (v) the Gonostomatidae is polyphyletic in the SSU-rDNA and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 trees, with Gonostomum, Cladotricha, Cotterillia, Metagonostomum, Paragonostomum and Wallackia distributed among separate clades, but monophyletic in the LSU-rDNA and concatenated trees; (vi) higher hypotrich taxa such as core urostyloids and core sporadotrichids/stichotrichids might have evolved from species that possessed a gonostomatid oral apparatus.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872190).

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  1. Contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, China

    Jingyi Wang & Chen Shao

  2. College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China

    Yan Zhao

  3. Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China

    Xiaoteng Lu

  4. College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069, China

    Zhao Lyu

  5. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK

    Alan Warren

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  1. Jingyi Wang
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Wang, J., Zhao, Y., Lu, X. et al. Does the Gonostomum-patterned oral apparatus in hypotrichia carry a phylogenetic signal? Evidence from morphological and molecular data based on extended taxon sampling using three nuclear genes (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea). Sci. China Life Sci. 64, 311–322 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1667-3

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