Abstract
An electrochemiluminescent (ECL) biosensor was constructed for selective assay of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) based on the enzymatically catalyzed oxidation of pyruvate by pyruvate oxidase (PYOD). The composite of potassium ferricyanide and carbon nanotube was adopted to pre-functionalize the basal platinum electrode while the potassium ferricyanide acted as the activator of PYOD. The ALT catalyzed the reaction of L-alanine and α-ketoglutarate to produce pyruvate which could be further enzymatically oxidized by PYOD to yield H2O2 to intensify the ECL of luminol. The biosensor showed rapid response for real-time measurement of ALT in the linear concentration range from 0.00475 to 350 U/L (r = 0.993) with a relatively standard deviation of 2.5% (C ALT = 47.5 U/L, n = 6). The biosensor was applied to assay the ALT in rat serum with average recovery of 90.5%.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Song MJ, Yun DH, Min NK, Hong SI. Electrochemical biosensor array for liver diagnosis using silanization technique on nanoporous silicon electrode. J Biosci Bioeng, 2007, 103(1): 32–37
Bishop SH, Ellis LL, Burcham JM. The Mollusca. Vol. 1. Metabolism Biochemistry and Molecular Biomechanics. New York: Academic Press, 1983. 243–327
Campbell JW, Bishop SH. Comparative Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation. New York: Academic Press, 1970. 103–206
Puppo J, Blasco J. Partial characterization of alanine aminotransferase from gills and digestive gland of the bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum. Comp Biochem Physiol, 1995, 111(1): 99–109
Ladue JS, Wróblewski F. The significance of the serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity following acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 1955, 11: 871–877
Lindena J, Sommerfeld U, Hopfel C. Catalytic enzyme activity con centration in tissues of man, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, rat andmouse. Approach to a quantitative diagnostic enzymology, III. Communication. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem, 1986, 24: 35–47
Karmen A, Wróblewski F, Ladue JS. Transaminase activity in human blood. J Clin Invest, 1955, 34(1): 126–131
Huang XJ, Choi YK, Im HS, Yarimaga O, Yoon E, Kim HS. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST/GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) detection techniques. Sensors, 2006, 6: 756–782
Chang KS, Hsu WL, Chen HY, Chang CK, Chen CY. Determination of l-glutamate pyruvate transaminase activity in clinical specimens using a biosensor composed of immobilized l-glutamate oxidase in a photocrosslinkable polymer membrane on a palladium-deposited screen-printed carbon electrode. Anal Chim Acta, 2003, 481: 199–208
Zhang CX, Haruyama T, Kobatake E, Aizawa M. Disposable electrochemical capillary-fill device for glucose sensing incorporating a water-soluble enzyme/mediator layer. Anal Chim Acta, 2001, 442(2): 257–265
Hu LZ, Xu GB. Applications and trends in electrochemiluminescence. Chem Soc Rev, 2010, 39: 3275–3304
Li HJ, Han S, Hu LZ, Xu GB. Progress in Ru(bpy) 2+3 electrogenerated chemiluminescence. Chin J Anal Chem, 2009, 37: 1557–1565
Chen SM, Lin KC. The electrocatalytic properties of biological molecules using polymerized luminol film-modified electrodes. J Electroanal Chem, 2002, 523(1–2): 93–105
Qin W, Zhang ZJ, Liu HJ. Chemiluminescence flow-through sensor for copper based on an anodic stripping voltammetric flow cell and an ion-exchange column with immobilized reagents. Anal Chem, 1998, 70: 3579–3584
Baughman RH, Zakhidov AA, Heer WA De. Carbon nanotubes-the route toward applications. Science, 2002, 297: 787–792
Rao CNR, Satishkumar BC, Govindaraj A, Nath M. Nanotubes. Chem Phys Chem, 2001, 2: 78–105
Tzeng Y, Chen Y, Sathitsuksanoh N, Liu C. Electrochemical behaviors and hydration properties of multi-wall carbon nanotube coated electrodes in water. Diamond Relat Mater, 2004, 13(4–8): 1281–1286
Zhao GC, Zhang L, Wei XW, Yang ZS. Myoglobin on multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified electrode: direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis. Electrochem Commun, 2003, 5: 825–829
Zhu SY, Fan LS, Liu XQ, Shi LH, Li HJ, Han S, Xu GB. Determination of concentrated hydrogen peroxide at single-walled carbon nanohorn paste electrode. Electrochem Commun, 2008, 10(5): 695–698
Rietz B, Guilbault GG. Fluorimetric assay of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenàse by solution and solid surface fluorescent methods. Anal Chim Acta, 1975, 77: 191–198
Akyilmaz E, Yorganci E. Construction of an amperometric pyruvate oxidase enzyme electrode for determination of pyruvate and phosphate. Electrochimica Acta, 2007, 52(28): 7972–7977
Chu HH, Guo WY, Di JW, Wu Y, Tu YF. Study on sensitization from reactive oxygen species for electrochemiluminescence of luminol in neutral medium. Electroanalysis, 21(14): 1630–1635
Qiu B, Lin ZY, Wang J, Chen ZH, Chen JH, Chen N. An electrochemiluminescent biosensor for glucose based on the electrochemiluminescence of luminol on the nafion/glucose oxidase/poly (nickel (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Talanta, 2008, 78(1): 76–80
Chu HH, Qi YY, Xu Y, Huang BQ, Tu YF. Determination of I− by the ECL of luminol in neutral medium. Spectroscopy Spectral Anal, 2005, 25(5): 675–677
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chu, H., Wu, M., Cai, X. et al. A nano-functionalized real-time electrochemiluminescent biosensor for alanine transaminase assay. Sci. China Chem. 54, 816–821 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-010-4148-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-010-4148-z