Abstract
The main purpose of the study is to develop a Facebook Effect Scale on Teacher Quality (FESTQ) based on the pedagogical content knowledge, technological pedagogical content knowledge and lifelong learning frameworks. Study participants comprised 556 teachers. Explanatory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted in the development and testing of the FESTQ. The results showed that the FESTQ is reliable and valid to measure Facebook effect on teacher quality. The FESTQ consists of 40 positive six-point Likert-type items along with six factors, instructional knowledge for in-class applications, general culture knowledge, individual characteristics, instructional knowledge related to student characteristics, instructional knowledge for preparing an assessment tool and special content area knowledge. The psychometric properties of the FESTQ, the study limitations and suggestions for future studies are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
A day of commemoration is organized at UNESCO on 6 September 2007 to celebrate the 800th anniversary of the birth of Mawlana Jalal-ud-Din Balkhi-Rumi, one of the greatest poets, philosophers and scholars (UNESCO).
References
Abry, T., Rimm-Kaufman, S. E., Larsen, R. A., & Brewer, A. J. (2013). The influence of fidelity of implementation on teacher–student interaction quality in the context of a randomized controlled trial of the Responsive Classroom approach. Journal of School Psychology, 51(4), 437–453.
Aili, C., & Brante, G. (2007). Qualifying teacher work: Everyday work as basis for the autonomy of the teaching profession. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 13(3), 287–306.
Amador, P., & Amador, J. (2014). Academic advising via Facebook: Examining student help seeking. Internet and Higher Education, 21, 9–16.
Asterhan, C. S., & Rosenberg, H. (2015). The promise, reality and dilemmas of secondary school teacher–student interactions in Facebook: The teacher perspective. Computers & Education, 85, 134–148.
Aydin, S. (2012). A Review of Research on Facebook as an Educational Environment. Education Technology Research and Development, 60(6), 1093–1106.
Aydin, S. (2014). Foreign language learners’ interactions with their teachers on Facebook. System, 42, 155–163.
Baran, B. (2010). Facebook as a formal instructional environment. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(6), E146–E149.
Boticki, I., Baksa, J., Seow, P., & Looi, C.-K. (2015). Usage of a mobile social learning platform with virtual badges in a primary school. Computers & Education, 86, 120–136.
Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York London: Guilford Press.
Calderhead, J. (1996). Teachers: Beliefs and knowledge. In D. C. Berliner & R. C. Calfee (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology (pp. 709–725). New York: Macmillan.
Carpenter, T. P., Fennema, E., Peterson, P. L., & Carey, D. A. (1988). Teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge of students’ problem solving in elementary arithmetic. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 19(5), 385–401.
Chi, M. T. H., Glaser, R., & Rees, E. (1982). Expertise in problem solving. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), Advances in the psychology of human intelligence (pp. 7–75). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Christie, D. (2006). The standard for chartered teacher in Scotland: A new context for the assessment and professional development of teachers. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 32, 53–72.
Cohen-Vogel, L., & Smith, T. M. (2007). Qualifications and assignments of alternatively certified teachers: Testing core assumptions. American Educational Research Journal, 44(3), 732–753.
Cronbach, L. J. (1950). Further evidence on response sets and test design. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 10, 3–31.
Cunha, F. R. D., Jr., van Kruistum, C., & van Oers, B. (2016). Teachers and Facebook: Using online groups to improve students’ communication and engagement in education. Communication Teacher, 30(4), 228–241.
Darling-Hammond, L. (2001). Teacher quality and student achievement: A review of state policy evidence. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 8(1), 1–44.
Davies, J. (2012). Facework on Facebook as a new literacy practice. Computers & Education, 59(1), 19–29.
Dindar, M., & Akbulut, Y. (2014). Why do pre-service teachers quit Facebook? An investigation on ‘quitters forever’ and ‘quitters for while’. Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 170–176.
Ferguson, R. F. (1991). Paying for public education: New evidence on how and why money matters. Harvard Journal on Legislation, 28(2), 465–498.
Fewkes, A. M., & McCabe, M. (2012). Facebook: Learning tool or distraction? Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 28(3), 92–98.
Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
Finsterwald, M., Wagner, P., Schober, B., Lüftenegger, M., & Spiel, C. (2013). Fostering lifelong learning—Evaluation of a teacher education program for professional teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 29, 144–155.
Glaser, R. (1984). Education and thinking—The role of knowledge. American Psychologist, 39(2), 93–104.
Global Digital Statistics (GDS). (2014). We are social’s snapshot of key digital indicators. Retrieved July 8, 2014 from http://etonpreneurs.com/uploads/Global%20Social,%20Digital%20&%20Mobile%20Statistics,%20Jan%202014.pdf.
Greenhow, C., & Lewin, C. (2016). Social media and education: Reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Learning Media and Technology, 41(1), 6–30.
Grimsæth, G., Nordvik, G., & Bergsvik, E. (2008). The newly qualified teacher: A leader and a professional? A Norwegian study. Journal of In-service Education, 34(2), 219–236.
Grossman, P. L. (1990). The making of a teacher: Teacher knowledge and teacher education. New York: Teachers College Press.
Hart, J. E., & Steinbrecher, T. (2011). OMG! Exploring and learning from teachers’ personal and professional uses of Facebook. Action in Teacher Education, 33(4), 320–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2011.620515.
Hashweh, M. Z. (2005). Teacher pedagogical constructions: A reconfiguration of pedagogical content knowledge. Teachers and Teaching: theory and practice, 11(3), 273–292.
Hew, K. F. (2011). Students’ and teachers’ use of Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 662–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.11.020.
Jong, B. S., Lai, C. H., Hsia, Y. T., Lin, T. W., & Liao, Y. S. (2014). An exploration of the potential educational value of Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 201–211.
Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. (1993). LISREL8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Junco, R. (2012). The relationship between frequency of Facebook use, participation in Facebook activities, and student engagement. Computers & Education, 58(1), 162–171.
Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (1st ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York London: Guilford Press.
Koehler, M., & Mishra, P. (2009). What is technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK)? Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1), 60–70.
Lam, L. (2012). Review of use of animation as a supplementary learning material of physiology content in four academic years. The Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 10(4), 377–386.
Lau, N. S., Lam, L., & Zhou, B. (2010, August). Enhancing blended courses to facilitate student achievement of learning outcomes. In International conference on hybrid learning (pp. 205–216). Springer, Berlin.
Lieberman, A., & Mace, D. P. (2010). Making practice public: Teacher learning in the 21st century. Journal of Teacher Education, 61(1–2), 77–88.
Livingston, K. (2014). Teacher educators: Hidden professionals? European Journal of Education, 49(2), 218–232.
Macia, M., & García, I. (2016). Informal online communities and networks as a source of teacher professional development: A review. Teaching and Teacher Education, 55, 291–307.
Manca, S., & Ranieri, M. (2013). Is it a tool suitable for learning? A critical review of the literature on Facebook as a technology-enhanced learning environment. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 29(6), 487–504.
Manca, S., & Ranieri, M. (2016). Is Facebook still a suitable technology-enhanced learning environment? An updated critical review of the literature from 2012 to 2015. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12154.
Mazer, J. P., Murphy, R. E., & Simomds, C. J. (2007). I’ll see you on ‘‘Facebook’’: The effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate. Communication Education, 56(1), 1–17.
Mazman, S. G., & Usluel, Y. K. (2010). Modeling educational usage of Facebook. Computers & Education, 55(2), 444–453.
Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017–1054.
NETS. (2000). ISTE national educational technology standards and performance indicators for teachers. Retrieved March 12, 2014 from http://www.iste.org/standards/standards-for-teachers.
Park, S., & Oliver, J. S. (2008). Revisiting the conceptualisation of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK): PCK as a conceptual tool to understand teachers as professionals. Research in Science Education, 38(3), 261–284.
Pasek, J., More, E., & Romer, D. (2009). Realizing the social Internet? Online social networking meets offline civic engagement. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 6(3), 197–215.
Pimmer, C., Linxen, S., & Grohbiel, U. (2012). Facebook as a learning tool? A case study on the appropriation of social network sites from mobile phones in developing countries. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(5), 726–738.
PTC. (2011). Professional teaching competencies. Retrieved March 10, 2014 from http://www.rwu.edu/sites/default/files/sed-professional_teaching_competencies.pdf.
Raykov, T. (1997). Estimation of composite reliability for congeneric measures. Applied Psychological Measurement, 21(2), 173–184.
Recabarren, M., Nussbaum, M., & Leiva, C. (2008). Cultural divide and the Internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(6), 2917–2926.
Roblyer, M. D., McDaniel, M., Webb, M., Herman, J., & Witty, J. V. (2010). Findings on Facebook in higher education: A comparison of college faculty and student uses and perceptions of social networking sites. Internet and Higher Education, 13(3), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2010.03.002.
Rolando, L. G. R., Salvador, D. F., Souza, A. H. S., & Luz, M. R. M. P. (2014). Learning with their peers: Using a virtual learning community to improve an in-service biology teacher education program in Brazil. Teaching and Teacher Education, 44, 44–55.
Rowan, B., Schilling, S. G., Ball, D. L., Miller, R., Atkins-Burnett, S., et al. (2001). Measuring teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge in surveys: an exploratory study. Working Paper. Michigan University. Retrieved May 2, 2014 from http://www.sii.soe.umich.edu/documents/pck%20final%20report%20revised%20BR100901.pdf.
Sanchez, R. A., Cortijo, V., & Javed, U. (2014). Students’ perceptions of Facebook for academic purposes. Computers & Education, 70, 138–149.
Sanders, W. L., & Horn, S. P. (1998). Research findings from the Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System (TVAAS) database: Implications for educational evaluation and research. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 12(3), 247–256.
Schleicher, A. (Ed.). (2012). Preparing teachers and developing school leaders for the 21st century: Lessons from around the World. Paris: OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264xxxxxx-en.
Schmidt, D. A., Baran, E., Thompson, A. D., Mishra, P., Koehler, M. J., & Shin, T. S. (2009). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 42(2), 123–149.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A Beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Shulman, L. (1986a). Paradigms and research programs in the study of teaching: A contemporary perspective. In M. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching. New York: Macmillan.
Shulman, L. (1986b). Those who understand: knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4–14.
Shulman, L. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1–22.
Soomro, K. A., Kale, U., & Zai, S. Y. (2014). Pre-service teachers’ and teacher–educators’ experiences and attitudes toward using social networking sites for collaborative learning. Educational Media International, 51(4), 278–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2014.977003.
Sumuer, E., Esfer, S., & Yildirim, S. (2014). Teachers’ Facebook use: Their use habits, intensity, self-disclosure, privacy settings, and activities on Facebook. Educational Studies, 40(5), 537–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2014.952713.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics. New York: Harper Collins College.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Tatlıdil, H. (1992). Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Analiz. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Tsiotakis, P., & Jimoyiannis, A. (2016). Critical factors towards analysing teachers’ presence in on-line learning communities. Internet and Higher Education, 28, 45–58.
UNESCO. (2011). UNESCO ICT Competency framework for teachers. Retrieved May 5, 2014 from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002134/213475E.pdf.
Wakefield, J. S., Warren, S. J., & Ponners, P. (2016). Affective impacts of learning on Facebook: Postsecondary students’ voices. In S. Y. Tettegah (Ed.), Emotions, technology, and social media (pp. 139–160). London: Academic Press & Elsevier.
Wang, Q., Woo, H. L., Quek, C. L., Yang, Y., & Liu, M. (2012). Using the Facebook group as a learning management system: An exploratory study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43, 428–438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2011.01195.x.
Webster-Wright, A. (2009). Reframing professional development through understanding authentic professional learning. Review of Educational Research, 79(2), 702–739.
Williams, R. (2011). The contribution of gaining an academic qualification to teachers’ professional learning. Journal of Education for Teaching, 37(1), 37–49.
Wright, S. P., Horn, S. P., & Sanders, W. L. (1997). Teachers and classroom context effects on student achievement: Implications for teacher evaluation. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 11(1), 57–67.
YÖK. (2014). National qualifications framework for higher education in Turkey. Retrieved January 12, 2014 from http://tyyc.yok.gov.tr/.
Yu, A. Y., Tian, S. W., Vogel, D., & Kwok, R. C. W. (2010). Can learning be virtually boosted? An investigation of online social networking impacts. Computers & Education, 55(4), 1494–1503.
Zywica, J., & Danowski, J. (2008). The faces of Facebookers: Investigating social enhancement and social compensation hypotheses; predicting Facebook™ and offline popularity from sociability and self-esteem, and mapping the meanings of popularity with semantic networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.01429.x.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Assistant Professor Dr. Lili Hurioğlu for her invaluable effort and help on EFA-CFA analysis and Lecturer Necmettin Kürtül for his invaluable effort and assistance related to language and grammar structure of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The manuscript was produced by one researcher who is also the author of the manuscript. Therefore, there is no conflict of interest.
Appendices
Appendix 1: Original FESTQ
Appendix 2: Translated FESTQ
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Efendioğlu, A. Teachers’ use of Facebook and teacher quality: developing a ‘Facebook Effect Scale on Teacher Quality (FESTQ)’ from the perspective of PCK, TPACK, and lifelong learning frameworks. Education Tech Research Dev 66, 1359–1385 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-018-9586-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-018-9586-x