References
Thompson D (1993) Understanding financial conflicts of interest. N Engl J Med 329:573–576
Ramsey P (1970) The patient as person. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT
Beachamp TL, Childress JF (2001) Principles of biomedical ethics, 5th edn. Oxford University Press, New York, NY
Barnes M, Florencio P (2002) Financial conflicts of interest in human subjects research: the problem of institutional conflicts. J Law Med Ethics 30:1–13
Hillman AI, Pauly MV, Kerslein B (1989) How do financial incentives affect physician's clinical decisions and the financial performance of health maintenance organizations. N Engl J Med 321:86–92
Hillman BJ et al (1990) Frequency and costs of diagnostic imaging in office practice: comparison of self-referring and radiologist referring physicians. N Engl J Med 323:1604–1608
Swerdlow A et al (1992) Increased costs and rates of use in the California workers' compensation system as a result of self-referral by physicians. N Engl J Med 327:1502–1506
Wilkinson P (1993) Self-referral: a potential conflict of interest. Br Med J 1083–1084
Chren MM, Landenfeld CS (1994) Physicians behavior and their interactions with drug companies: a controlled study of physicians who request additions to a hospital formulary. JAMA 271:684–689
Wazana A (2000) Physicians and the pharmaceutical industry: is a gift just ever a gift? JAMA 283:373–380
Kassirer (2000) A piece of my mind: financial indigestion. JAMA 284:2156–2157
Rothman DJ (2000) Medical professionalism—focusing on the real issues. NEJM 342:1284–1286
Waud DR (1992) Pharmaceutical promotions—a free lunch. NEJM 327:684–689
Andaleeb SS, Tallman RF (1995) Physician attitudes toward pharmaceutical sales representatives. Health Care Manage Rev 20:68–76
Thomson AN, Craig BJ, Barham PM (1994) Attitudes of general practitioners in New Zealand to pharmaceutical representatives. Br J Gen Pract 44:220–223
Bekelman JE, Li Y, Gross CP (2003) Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research. JAMA 289:454–465
Bayh–Dole Act, Pub L No. 96-517, 35 USC (1980)
Korn D (2000) Conflicts of interest in biomedical research. JAMA 284:2234–2237
Stolberg SG (1999) The biotech death of Jesse Gelsinger. New York Times Magazine, 28 Nov 1999
Beardsley T (2000) Gene therapy setback: a tragic death clouds the future of an innovative treatment method. Sci Am 282:36–37
Topol EJ, Blumenthal D (2005) Physicians and the investment industry. JAMA 293:2645–2657
Association of American Universities (2001) Task Force Report on Individual and Institutional Conflicts of Interest, Association of American Universities, Washington, DC, October, pp 1–22, at 10. Available at http://www.aau.edu/research/COI.01.pdf
Armstrong D (2005) The Wall Street Journal. 12 Dec 2005
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. Nov 2001: http://www.icmje.org
The Editors (2004) The Lancet's policy on conflicts of interest—2004. The Lancet 363:2–3
The Editors (2002) Financial associations of authors. NEJM 346:1901–1902
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
MacKenzie, C.R., Cronstein, B.N. Conflict of Interest. HSS Jrnl 2, 198–201 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11420-006-9016-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11420-006-9016-1