References
UNODC (2017) World Drug Report 2017. United Nations publication, Vienna (ISBN: 978-92-1-148291-1; eISBN: 978-92-1-060623-3)
International Narcotics Control Board (2016) Reported of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2016. International Narcotics Control Board, Vienna (ISBN: 978-92-1-148289-8; eISBN: 978-92-1-060065-1)
SAMHSA Drug Abuse Warning Network (2013) 2011: national estimates of drug-related emergency department visits. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4760 DAWN Series D-39, Rockville
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2017) Annual surveillance report of drug-related risks and outcomes: United States, 2017. Surveillance special report 1. CDC, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta
SAMHSA. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (2016) Treatment episode data set (TEDS): 2004–2014. National admissions to substance abuse treatment services. BHSIS Series S-84, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 16-4986, SAMHSA, Rockville
Zhu H, Wilson FA, Stimpson JP, Pagán JA (2014) Correlation between cocaine prices and purity with trends in emergency department visits in a major metropolitan area. J Urban Health 91:1009–1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11524-014-9899-Y
Chiarotti M, Fucci N (1999) Comparative analysis of heroin and cocaine seizures. J Chromatogr B 733:127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(99)00240-6
Cole C, Jones L, McVeigh J, Kicman A, Syed Q, Bellis MA (2010) CUT: a guide to adulterants, bulking agents and other contaminants found in illicit drugs. Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235912814
Broséus J, Gentile N, Bonadio Pont F, Garcia Gongora JM, Gasté L, Esseiva P (2015) Qualitative, quantitative and temporal study of cutting agents for cocaine and heroin over 9 years. Forensic Sci Int 257:307–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.09.014
Bernardo NP, Siqueira MEPB, de Paiva MJN, Maia PP (2003) Caffeine and other adulterants in seizures of street cocaine in Brazil. Int J Drug Policy 14:331–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(03)00083-5
Kudlacek O, Hofmaier T, Luf A, Mayer FP, Stockner T, Nagy C, Holy M, Freissmuth M, Schmid R, Sitte HH (2017) Cocaine adulteration. J Chem Neuroanat 83–84:75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.06.001
Magalhães EJ, Nascentes CC, Pereira LSA, Guedes MLO, Lordeiro RA, Auler LMLA, Augusti R, de Queiroz MELR (2013) Evaluation of the composition of street cocaine seized in two regions of Brazil. Sci Justice 53:425–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2013.05.003
Cunha-Oliveira T, Rego AC, Carvalho F, Oliveira CR (2013) Medical toxicology of drugs of abuse (chapter 17). In: Miller PM (ed) Principles of addiction—comprehensive addictive behaviors and disorders. Academic Press, Cambridge, pp 159–175
Shannon M (1988) Clinical toxicity of cocaine adulterants. Ann Emerg Med 17:1243–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(88)80078-7
Fiorentin TR, Krotulski AJ, Martin DM, Browne T, Triplett J, Conti T, Logan BK (2019) Detection of cutting agents in drug-positive seized exhibits within the United States. J Forensic Sci 64:888–896. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13968
Pawlik E, Mahler H, Hartung B, Plässer G, Daldrup T (2015) Drug-related death: adulterants from cocaine preparations in lung tissue and blood. Forensic Sci Int 249:294–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.006
Brunt TM, Nagy C, Bücheli A, Martins D, Ugarte M, Beduwe C, Vilamala MV (2017) Drug testing in Europe: monitoring results of the Trans European Drug Information (TEDI) project. Drug Test Anal 9:188–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1954
Maldaner AO, Botelho ÉD, Zacca JJ, Melo RCA, Costa JL, Zancanaro I, Oliveira CSL, Kasakoff LB, Paixão TRLC (2016) Chemical profiling of street cocaine from different Brazilian regions. J Braz Chem Soc 27:719–726. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20150321(openaccessarticle)
Maldaner AO, Botelho ÉD, Zacca JJ, Camargo MA, Braga JW, Grobério TS (2015) Brazilian Federal District cocaine chemical profiling—mass balance approach and new adulterant routinely quantified (aminopyrine). J Braz Chem Soc 26:1227–1231. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20150088(openaccessarticle)
Duffau BE, Rojas SA, Ayala SA (2020) A decade of analysis of illicit street cocaine in Chile. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 8:146–154. https://jppres.com/jppres (open access article)
Evrard I, Legleye S, Cadet-Taïrou A (2010) Composition, purity and perceived quality of street cocaine in France. Int J Drug Policy 21:399–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.03.004
Núñez MAV, Morcillo JS, Martínez MAR (2018) Purity and adulteration in cocaine seizures and drug market inspection in Galicia (Spain) across an eight-year period. Drug Test Anal 10:381–391. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2216
Schneider S, Meys F (2011) Analysis of illicit cocaine and heroin samples seized in Luxembourg from 2005–2010. Forensic Sci Int 212:242–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.027
Broséus J, Huhtala S, Esseiva P (2015) First systematic chemical profiling of cocaine police seizures in Finland in the framework of an intelligence-led approach. Forensic Sci Int 251:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.03.026
Floriani G, Gasparetto JC, Pontarolo R, Gonçalves AG (2014) Development and validation of an HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of cocaine, benzoic acid, benzoylecgonine and the main adulterants found in products based on cocaine. Forensic Sci Int 235:32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.11.013
Fiorentin TR, Fogarty M, Limberger RP, Logan BK (2019) Determination of cutting agents in seized cocaine samples using GC-MS, GC-TMS and LC-MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 295:199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.12.016
Botelho ED, Cunha RB, Campos AFC, Maldaner AO (2014) Chemical profiling of cocaine seized by Brazilian Federal Police in 2009–2012: major components. J Braz Chem Soc 25:611–618. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20140008(open access article)
Lapachinske SF, Okai GG, dos Santos A, de Bairros AV, Yonamine M (2015) Analysis of cocaine and its adulterants in drugs for international trafficking seized by the Brazilian Federal Police. Forensic Sci Int 247:48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.028
Rocha WWF, Leite JA, Correia RM, Tosato F, Madeira NCL, Filgueiras PR, Lacerda V, Freitas JCC, Romão W, Neto ÁC (2018) Quantification of cocaine and its adulterants by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy without deuterated solvents (No-D qNMR). Anal Methods 10:1685–1694. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7AY03000B
Pichini S, Busardò FP, Gregori A, Berretta P, Gentili S, Pacifici R (2017) Purity and adulterant analysis of some recent drug seizures in Italy. Drug Test Anal 9:485–490. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2134
de Souza LM, Rodrigues RRT, Santos H, Costa HB, Merlo BB, Filgueiras PR, Poppi RJ, Vaz BG, Romão W (2016) A survey of adulterants used to cut cocaine in samples seized in the Espírito Santo State by GC-MS allied to chemometric tools. Sci Justice 56:73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2015.11.006
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There are no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
No ethical approval was required for the preparation of this type of article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Santana, D.C.A.S., de Santana, F.J.M. A brief overview on the importance of analyzing drug adulterants in the treatment of non-fatal overdose and substance use disorder of street cocaine. Forensic Toxicol 39, 275–281 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-020-00548-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-020-00548-5