Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Sexual Trauma Informed Understanding of Longitudinal Depression among Repeat Juvenile Offenders

  • Published:
The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Childhood sexual assault (CSA) victimization and depression are global public health concerns that disproportionately affect youths involved in the juvenile justice system. Little research has examined the influence of CSA on the stability of depressive symptoms among repeat juvenile offenders. The present study tested a gendered model of the association between lifetime CSA victimization and depression for three time points: baseline juvenile assessment entry; second reentry; and third reentry. Further, covariate analyses were conducted to explore the impact of socio-demographics on CSA victimization and depression. Results indicate that CSA victimization was associated directly with baseline depression and indirectly with depression at second reentry for both male and female justice-involved youths. For white, male youth, there were significantly higher rates of depression over time, than other males. However, age, African American or Hispanic race/ethnicity, living situation, and urbanity were not significantly associated with CSA victimization at baseline or depression over time. These findings underscore the need for juvenile justice services that address exposure to childhood trauma and mental illness more effectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Basile KC, Smith SG, Breiding MJ, et al. Sexual violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements, Version 2.0. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/sv_surveillance_definitionsl-2009-a.pdf. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  2. Black MC, Basile KC, Breiding MJ, et al. The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2010 summary report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  3. Finkelhor D, Hammer H, Sedlak AJ. Sexually assaulted children: National estimates and characteristics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2008. Available at https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=ccrc. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  4. Smith SG, Zhang X, Basile KC, et al. The National intimate partner and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2015 data brief – Updated release. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/2015data-brief508.pdf. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  5. Ford JD, Cruise KR, Grasso DJ. A study of the impact of screening for poly-victimization in juvenile justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 2017. Available at https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250994.pdf. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  6. Ford JD, Grasso DJ, Hawke J, et al. Poly-victimization among juvenile justice-involved youths. Child Abuse and Neglect 2013;37(10):788–800. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.01.005. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  7. Raj A, Rose J, Decker MR, et al. Prevalence and patterns of sexual assault across the life span among incarcerated women. Violence Against Women 2008;14(5):528–541. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208315528. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  8. Finkelhor D, Shattuck A. Characteristics of crimes against juveniles. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2012. Available at https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=ccrc. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  9. Weiss KG. “You just don’t report that kind of stuff”: Investigating teens’ ambivalence toward per-perpetrated, unwanted sexual incidents. Violence and Victims 2013;28(2):288–302. Available at https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.11-061. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  10. Andrews G, Corry J, Slade T, et al. Chapter 23, Child sexual abuse. In: M Ezzati, D Lopez, A Rodgers, et al. (Eds.). Comparative Quantification of Health Risks, Volume 2. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2004, pp. 1850-1940.

  11. Barth J, Bermetz L, Heim E, et al. The current prevalence of child sexual abuse worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Public Health 2013;58(3):469-483. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0426-1. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  12. Bynion T-M, Cloutier R, Blumenthal H, et al. Violent interpersonal trauma predicts aggressive thoughts and behaviors towards self and others: Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2018;53(12):1361-1370. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1607-x. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  13. Finkelhor D, Shattuck A, Turner HA, et al. The lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse and sexual assault assessed in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health 2014;55(3):329-333. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.12.026. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  14. Conrad SM, Tolou-Shams M, Rizzo CJ, et al. Gender differences in recidivism rates for juvenile justice youth: The impact of sexual abuse. Law and Human Behavior 2014;38(4):305-314. Available at https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000062. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  15. Gover AR. Childhood sexual abuse, gender, and depression among incarcerated youth. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 2004;48(4):683-696. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X04264459. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  16. Wareham J, Dembo R. (2007). A longitudinal study of psychological functioning among juvenile offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2007;34(2):259-273. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854806289828. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  17. Chaplo SD, Kerig PK, Bennett DC, et al. The roles of emotion dysregulation and dissociation in the association between sexual abuse and self-injury among juvenile justice-involved youth. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 2015;16(3):272-285. Available at https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.989647. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  18. Gault-Sherman M, Silver E, Sigfúsdóttir ID. Gender and the associated impairments of childhood sexual abuse: A national study of Icelandic youth. Social Science & Medicine 2009;69(10):1515-1522. Available at https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.037. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  19. Kilpatrick DG, Ruggiero KJ, Acierno R, et al. Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2003;71(4):692-700. Available at https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.71.4.692. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  20. Turner HA, Finkelhor D, Ormrod R. The effect of lifetime victimization on the mental health of children and adolescents. Social Science & Medicine 2006;62(1):13-27. Available at https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.030. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  21. Boney-McCoy S, Finkelhor D. Is youth victimization related to trauma symptoms and depression after controlling for prior symptoms and family relationships? A longitudinal, prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996;64(6):1406-1416. Available at https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1406. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  22. Browne A, Finkelhor D. Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research. Psychological Bulletin 1986;99(1):66-77. Available at https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.66. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  23. Schraedley PK, Gotlib IH, Hayward C. Gender differences in correlates of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 1999;25(2):98-108. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/s1054-139x(99)00038-5. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  24. Chen LP, Murad H, Paras ML, et al. Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2010;85(7):618-629. Available at https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2009.0583. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  25. Constantin K, Boyett KM. Does sexual violence victimization contribute to deviant behavior? A test of general strain theory. Victims & Offenders 2021;16(6):869-892. Available at https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2020.1850585. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  26. Edwards KM, Banyard VL. Prevalence and correlates of sexual revictimization in middle and high school. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2020. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520909191. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  27. Gardner MJ, Thomas HJ, Erskine HE. The association between five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meat-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect 2019;96:104082. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104082. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  28. Dworkin ER. Risk for mental disorders associated with sexual assault: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 2020;21(5):1011-1028. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018813198. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  29. Feiring C, Taska L, Lewis M. Adjustment following sexual abuse discovery: The role of shame and attributional style. Developmental Psychology 2002;38(1):79-92. Available at https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.38.1.79. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  30. Herbert CP, Grams GD, Berkowitz J. Sexual assault tracking study: Who gets lost to follow-up? Canadian Medical Association Journal 1992;147(8):1177-1184. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1336483/. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  31. Khadr S, Clarke V, Wellings K, et al. Mental and sexual health outcomes following sexual assault in adolescents: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 2018;2(9):654-665. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30202-5. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  32. Clarke V, Goddard A, Wellings K, et al. Medium-term health and social outcomes in adolescents following sexual assault: A prospective mixed-methods cohort study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2021. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02127-4. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  33. Mutavi T, Obondo A, Kokonya D, et al. Incidence of depressive symptoms among sexually abused children in Kenya. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2018;12(1):1-8. Available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-018-0247-y. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  34. Oshodi Y, Macharia M, Lachman A, et al. Immediate and long-term mental health outcomes in adolescent female rape survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2020;35(1-2):252-267. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516682522. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  35. Acoca L. Outside/inside: The violation of American girls at home, on the streets, and in the juvenile justice system. Crime & Delinquency 1998;44(4):561-589. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128798044004006. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  36. Duke NN, Pettingell SL, McMorris BJ, et al. Adolescent violence perpetration: Associations with multiple types of adverse childhood experiences. Pediatrics 2010;125(4):e779-e786. Available at https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0597. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  37. Cauffman E, Feldman SS, Waterman J, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder among female juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1998;37(11):1209-1216. Available at https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199811000-00022. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  38. Chandy JM, Blum RW, Resnick MD. Gender-specific outcomes for sexually abused adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect 1996;20(12):1219-1231. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00117-2. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  39. Goodkind S, Ng I, Sarri, R. The impact of sexual abuse in the lives of young women involved or at risk of involvement in the juvenile justice system. Violence Against Women 2006;12(5):456-477. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801206288142. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  40. Swisher RR, Shaw-Smith UR. Paternal incarceration and adolescent well-being: Life course contingencies and other moderators. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 2015;104(4):929-959. Available at https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7543&context=jclc. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  41. Martin G, Bergen HA, Richardson AS, et al. Sexual abuse and suicidality: Gender differences in a large community sample of adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect 2004;28(5):491-503. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.08.006. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  42. Benedini KM, Fagan AA, Gibson CL. The cycle of victimization: The relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescent peer victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect 2016;59:111-121. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.08.003. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  43. Hussey JM, Chang JJ, Kotch JB. Child maltreatment in the United States: Prevalence, risk factors, and adolescent health consequences. Pediatrics 2006;118(3):933-942. Available at https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2452. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  44. Dunn EC, Gilman SE, Willett JB, et al. The impact of exposure to interpersonal violence on gender differences in adolescent-onset major depression: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Depression and Anxiety 2012;29(5):392-399. Available at https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21916. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  45. Gallo EAG, Munhoz TN, de Mola CL, et al. Gender differences in the effects of childhood maltreatment on adult depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect 2018;79:107-114. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.003. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  46. Dembo R, Walters W. Chapter 15, Juvenile assessment centers: Early intervention with youth involved in drug use. In: N Jainchill (Ed.). Understanding and Treating Adolescent Substance Use Disorders. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute, 2012, pp. 15-28. Available at https://www.civicresearchinstitute.com/toc/TASUD_TOC.pdf. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  47. Development Services Group, Inc. Intersection between mental health and the juvenile justice system. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2017. Available at https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/mpg/literature-review/mental-health-juvenile-justice-system.pdf. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  48. Teplin LA, Abram KM, McClelland GM, et al. Psychiatric disorders in youth in detention. Archives of General Psychiatry 2002;59(12):1133-1143. Available at https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.12.1133. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  49. Skowyra KR, Cocozza JJ, The National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice Policy Research Associates. Blueprint for change: A comprehensive model for the identification and treatment of youth with mental health needs in contact with the juvenile justice system. Delmar, NY: Policy Research Associates, Inc, 2007. Available at http://njjn.org/uploads/digital-library/resource_349.pdf. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  50. Beaudry G, Yu R, Långström N, et al. An updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis: Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2021;60(1):46-60. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.01.015. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  51. Burke JD, Mulvey EP, Schubert CA. Prevalence of mental health problems and service use among first-time juvenile offenders. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2015;24(12):3774-4781. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0185-8. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  52. Capaldi DM, Stoolmiller M. Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: III. Prediction to young-adult adjustment. Development and Psychopathology 1999;11(1):59-84. Available at https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579499001959. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  53. Fazel S, Doll H, Långström N. Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities: A systematic review and metaregression analysis of 25 surveys. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;47(9):1010-1019. Available at https://doi.org/10.1097/chi.obo13e31817eecf3. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  54. McClelland GM, Elkington KS, Teplin LA, et al. Multiple substance use disorders in juvenile detainees. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2004;43(10):1215-1224. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000134489.58054.9c. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  55. Teplin LA, Elkington KS, McClelland GM, et al. Major mental disorders, substance use disorders, comorbidity, and HIV-AIDS risk behaviors in juvenile detainees. Psychiatric Services 2005;56(7):823-828. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.56.7.823. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  56. Wakefield SM, Baronia R, Brennan S. Depression in justice-involved youth. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2019;28(3):327-336. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2019.02.010. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  57. Wasserman GA, McReynolds LS, Schwalbe CS, et al. Psychiatric Disorder, comorbidity, and suicidal behavior in juvenile justice youth. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2010;37(12):1361-1376. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854810382751. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  58. Teplin LA, Potthoff LM, Aaby DA, et al. Prevalence, comorbidity, and continuity of psychiatric disorders in a 15-year longitudinal study of youths involved in the juvenile justice system. JAMA Pediatrics 2021;175(7):e205807. Available at https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5807. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  59. Vaughn MG, Salas-Wright CP, Delisi M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of psychiatric disorders among former juvenile detainees in the United States. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2015;59:107-116. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.02.012. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  60. Holzer KJ, Oh S, Salas-Wright CP, et al. Gender differences in the trends and correlates of major depressive episodes among juvenile offenders in the United States. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2018;80:72-80. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.09.005. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  61. McCabe KM, Lansing AE, Garland A, et al. Gender differences in psychopathology, functional impairment, and familial risk factors among adjudicated delinquents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2002;41(7):860-867. Available at https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200207000-00020. Access 5 May, 2022.

  62. Dembo R, Krupa JM, Wareham J, et al. Latent class analysis of exposure to childhood trauma and health risks among justice-involved youth: Gender differences. Mental Health and Addiction Research 2019;4:1-11. Available at https://doi.org/10.15761/MHAR.1000183. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  63. Rosenberg HJ, Vance JE, Rosenberg SD, et al. Trauma exposure, psychiatric disorders, and resiliency in juvenile-justice-involved youth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 2014;6(4):430-437. Available at https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033199. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  64. Tossone K, Wheeler M, Butcher F, et al. The role of sexual abuse in trauma symptoms, delinquent and suicidal behaviors, and criminal justice outcomes among females in a juvenile justice diversion program. Violence Against Women 2018;24(8):973-993. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801217724921. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  65. McReynolds LS, Schwalbe CS, Wasserman GA. The contribution of psychiatric disorder to juvenile recidivism. Criminal justice and Behavior 2010;37(2):204-216. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854809354961. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  66. Robertson AA, Fang Z, Weiland D, et al. Recidivism among justice-involved youth: Findings from JJ-TRIALS. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2020;47(9):1059-1078. Available at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854820922891. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  67. Yampolskaya S, Chuang E. Effects of mental health disorders on the risk of juvenile justice system involvement and recidivism among children placed in out-of-home care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2012;82(4):585-593. Available at https://doi.apa.org/doi/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01184.x. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  68. McGrath SA, Nilsen AA, Kerley KR. Sexual victimization in childhood and the propensity for juvenile delinquency and adult criminal behavior: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2011;16(6):485–492. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.03.008. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  69. Papalia N, Ogloff JRP, Cutajar M, et al. Child sexual abuse and criminal offending: Gender-specific effects and the role of abuse characteristics and other adverse outcomes. Child Maltreatment 2018;23(4):399-416. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559518785779. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  70. Smith C, Thornberry TP. The relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescent involvement in delinquency. Criminology 1995;33(4):451-481. Available at https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1995.tb01186.x. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  71. Swanston HY, Parkinson PN, O’Toole BI, et al. Juvenile crime, aggression, and delinquency after sexual abuse. The British Journal of Criminology 2003;43(4):729-749. Available at https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/43.4.729. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  72. Watts SJ, McNulty TL. Childhood abuse and criminal behavior: Testing a general strain theory model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2013;28(15):3023–3040. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513488696. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  73. Widom CS, Ames MA. Criminal consequences of childhood sexual victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect 1994;18(4):303-318. Available at https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(94)90033-7. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  74. Grella CE, Stein JA, Greenwell L. Associations among childhood trauma, adolescent problem behaviors, and adverse adult outcomes in substance-abusing women offenders. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2005;19(1):43–53. Available at https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.19.1.43. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  75. Robertson AA, Baird-Thomas C, Stein JA. Child victimization and parental monitoring as mediators of youth problem behaviors. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2008;35(6):755-771. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854808316096. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  76. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1977;1(3):385-401. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  77. Dembo R, Faber J, Cristiano J, et al. Psychometric evaluation of a brief depression measure for justice-involved youths: A multigroup comparison. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 2018;27(3):146-155. Available at https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2018.1431990. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  78. Brown JL, Sales JM, Swartzendruber AL, et al. Added benefits: Reduced depressive symptom levels among African-American female adolescents participating in an HIV prevention intervention. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2014;37(5):912-920. Available at https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-013-9551-4. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  79. Santor DA, Coyne JC. Shortening the CES–D to improve its ability to detect cases of depression. Psychological Assessment 1997;9(3):233–243. Available at https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.9.3.233. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  80. Muthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus User’s Guide, 8th Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén, 1998-2018.

  81. Koehrsen W. Introduction to Bayesian Linear Regression: An Explanation of the Bayesian Approach to Linear Modeling. Medium, 2018. Available at https://towardsdatascience.com/introduction-to-bayesian-linear-regression-e66e60791ea7. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  82. Lynch SM. Introduction to Applied Bayesian Statistics and Estimation for Social Scientists. New York, NY: Springer, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Dembo R, Shern D. Relative deviance and the process of drug involvement among inner-city youths. The International Journal of the Addictions 1982;17(8):1373-1399. Available at https://doi.org/10.3109/10826088209064069. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  84. Belenko S, Sprott JB, Petersen CC. Drug and alcohol involvement among minority and female juvenile offenders: Treatment and policy issues. Criminal Justice Policy Review 2004;15(1):3-36. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403403255068. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  85. Wilson JQ, Hernstein RJ. Crime and Human Nature: The Definitive Study of the Causes of Crime. New York, NY: The Free Press, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Dalton RF, Evans LJ, Cruise KR, et al. Race differences in mental health service access in a secure male juvenile justice facility. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 2009;48(3):194-209. Available at https://doi.org/10.1080/10509670902766570 . Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  87. Hovey KA, Zolkoski SM, Bullock LM. Mental health and the juvenile justice system: Issues related to treatment and rehabilitation. World Journal of Education 2017;7(3):1-13. Available at https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v7n3p1. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  88. Wasserman GA, McReynolds LS, Taxman FS, et al. The missing link(age): Multilevel contributors to service uptake failure among youths on community justice supervision. Psychiatric Services 2021;72(5):546-554. Available at https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000163. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  89. Baglivio MT, Wolff KT. Positive childhood experiences (PCE): Cumulative resiliency in the face of adverse childhood experiences. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 2021;19(2):139-162. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020972487. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  90. Stagman S, Cooper JL. Children’s mental health: What every policymaker should know. New York, NY: National Center for Children in Poverty, 2010. Available at http://www.nccp.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/text_929.pdf. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  91. Hoeve M, McReynolds LS, Wasserman GA. Service referral for juvenile justice youths: Associations with psychiatric disorder and recidivism. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 2014;41(3):379-389. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0472-x. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  92. Abram KM, Zwecker NA, Welty LJ, et al. Comorbidity and continuity of psychiatric disorders in youth after detention: A prospective longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry 2015;72(1):84-93. Available at https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1375. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

  93. Kates E, Gerber EB, Casey S. Prior service utilization in detained youth with mental health needs. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 2014;41(1):86-92. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-012-0438-4. Accessed 5 May, 2022.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Criminology and Criminal Justice Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

    Jennifer Wareham Ph.D

  2. Criminology Department, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, SOC 107, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA

    Richard Dembo Ph.D

  3. Psychiatry Department, Mt. Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    James Schmeidler Ph.D

  4. Agency for Community Treatment Services, Inc., Tampa, FL, USA

    Jessica Wolff M.S

  5. Office of the Provost, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

    Naida Simon Ph.D

Authors
  1. Jennifer Wareham Ph.D
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard Dembo Ph.D
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. James Schmeidler Ph.D
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jessica Wolff M.S
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Naida Simon Ph.D
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard Dembo Ph.D.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors of this work declare no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wareham, J., Dembo, R., Schmeidler, J. et al. Sexual Trauma Informed Understanding of Longitudinal Depression among Repeat Juvenile Offenders. J Behav Health Serv Res 49, 456–469 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-022-09804-5

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-022-09804-5

Search

Navigation