Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Characteristics of Users of Consumer-Run Drop-In Centers Versus Clubhouses

  • Regular Article
  • Published:
The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

    We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

    Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Abstract

Clubhouses and consumer-run drop-in centers (CRDIs) are two of the most widely implemented models of consumer-centered services for persons with serious mental illness. Differences in structure and goals suggest that they may be useful to different types of consumers. Information on what types of consumers use which programs would be useful in service planning. This study analyzes data from the authors’ NIMH-funded research on 31 geographically matched pairs of clubhouses and CRDIs involving more than 1,800 consumers to address the following question: are there significant differences in the characteristics and outcomes of members of clubhouses versus CRDIs? Results from multilevel analyses indicated that clubhouse members were more likely to be female, to receive SSI/SSDI, to report having a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and to live in dependent care; and they reported both a greater number of lifetime hospitalizations and current receipt of higher intensity traditional MH services. Controlling for differences in demographic characteristics, psychiatric history, and mental health service receipt, clubhouse members also reported higher quality of life and were more likely to report being in recovery. CRDI consumers were more likely to have substance abuse histories. Possible reasons for the differences are discussed. The results suggest that CRDIs are a viable alternative to more traditional mental health services for individuals who might not otherwise receive mental health services.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Like CRDIs, self-help agencies are completely consumer-run. These studies are included in the review of the literature because of the small number that focused specifically on CRDIs.

References

  1. Mowbray CT, Moxley DP, Jasper CA, et al. (Eds.). Consumers as Providers in Psychiatric Rehabilitation. Columbia, MD: International Association of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Services; 1997.

  2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Chamberlin J, Rogers ES, Ellison ML. Self-help programs: a description of their characteristics and their members. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 1996;19(3):33–42.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hodges JQ, Segal SP. Goal advancement among mental health self-help agency members. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2002;26(1):78–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Segal SP, Silverman C. Determinants of client outcomes in self-help agencies. Psychiatric Services. 2002;53(3):304–309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Segal SP, Hardiman ER, Hodges JQ. Characteristics of new clients at self-help and community mental health agencies in geographic proximity. Psychiatric Services. 2002;53(9):1145–1152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Yanos PT, Primavera LH, Knight EL. Consumer-run service participation, recovery of social functioning, and the mediating role of psychological factors. Psychiatric Services. 2001;52(4):493–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Accordino MP, Herbert JT. Treatment outcome of four rehabilitation interventions for persons with serious mental illness. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 2000;22(3):268–282.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Oliver J, Huxley P, Bridges K, et al. Quality of Life and Mental Health Services. London: Routledge; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Warner R, Huxley P, Berg T. An evaluation of the impact of clubhouse membership on quality of life and treatment utilization. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 1999;45(4):310–320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Macias C, Barreira P, Alden M, et al. The ICCD Benchmarks for clubhouses: a practical approach to quality improvement in psychiatric rehabilitation. Psychiatric Services. 2001;52(2):207–213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Rosenfield S, Neese-Todd S. Elements of a psychosocial clubhouse program associated with a satisfying quality of life. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 1993;44:76–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Stein LI, Barry KL, Dien GV, et al. Work and social support: a comparison of consumers who have achieved stability in ACT and clubhouse programs. Community Mental Health Journal. 1999;35(2):193–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Mowbray CT, Holter MC, Stark L, Pfeffer C, Bybee D. A fidelity rating instrument for consumer-run drop-in centers (FRI-CRDI). Research on Social Work Practice. 2005;15(4):278–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Shern D, Lee B, Coen A. The Colorado Symptom Index: A Self-Report Measure for Psychiatric Symptoms. Tampa, FL: Louis de la Parte Mental Health Institute; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Lehman AF. A quality of life interview for the chronically mentally ill. Evaluation And Program Planning. 1998;11:51–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Snyder CR, Sympson SC, Ybasco FC, et al. Development and validation of the state hope scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1996;2:321–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Nelson G, Hall GB, Walsh-Bowers R. The relationship between housing characteristics, emotional well-being, and the personal empowerment of psychiatric consumer/survivors. Community Mental Health Journal. 1998;34(1):57–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Raudenbush SW, Bryk AS. Hierarchical Linear Models in Social and Behavioral Research: Applications and Data-Analysis Methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Raudenbush S, Bryk A, Cheong YF, et al. HLM 6: Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Macias C, Jackson R, Schroeder C, et al. What is a clubhouse? Report on the ICCD 1996 survey of USA clubhouses. Community Mental Health Journal. 1999;35(2):181–190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Roth D, Crane-Ross D. Impact of services, met needs, and service empowerment on consumer outcomes. Mental Health Services Research. 2002;4(1):43–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mastboom J. Forty clubhouses: model and practices. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal. 1992;16(2):9–23.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Menz FE, Hansen G, Smith H, et al. Gender equity in access, services, and benefits from vocational rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation, 1989;(January/February/March)55(1):31–40.

  25. Mowbray CT, Oyserman D, Lutz C, et al. Women: the ignored majority. In: Spaniol L, Gangue C, Koehler M, eds. Psychological and Social Aspects of Psychiatric Disability. Boston: Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation; 1997:171–194.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Swartz MS, Wagner HR, Swanson JW. Comparing use of public and private mental health services: the enduring barriers of race and age. Community Mental Health Journal. 1998;34(2):133–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Seeman MV. Women and schizophrenia. Medscape Women’s Health. 2000;5(2):2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Watkins KE, Hunter SB, Wenzel SL, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of clients with co-occurring disorders in outpatient substances abuse treatment. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2004;30(4):749–764.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Frese FJ, Stanley J, Kress K, et al. Integrating evidence-based practices and the recovery model. Psychiatric Services. 2001;52:1145–1152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Anthony WA. Recovery from mental illness: the guiding vision of the mental health service system in the 1990s. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal. 1993;16(4):11–23.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Mowbray CT, Chamberlain P, Jennings M, et al. Consumer-run mental health services: results from five demonstration projects. Community Mental Health Journal. 1988;24(2):151–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

This study was funded, in part, by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to the first author (#R24-MH51363, to the University of Michigan School of Social Work, Center for Poverty, Risk and Mental Health).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Carol T. Mowbray PhD

  2. School of Social Work, Michigan State University, 222 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    Amanda Toler Woodward PhD

  3. School of Social Work, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA

    Mark C. Holter PhD

  4. Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA

    Peter MacFarlane Doctoral Candidate

  5. Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

    Deborah Bybee PhD

Authors
  1. Carol T. Mowbray PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Amanda Toler Woodward PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mark C. Holter PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Peter MacFarlane Doctoral Candidate
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Deborah Bybee PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amanda Toler Woodward PhD.

Additional information

Carol T. Mowbray is deceased.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mowbray, C.T., Woodward, A.T., Holter, M.C. et al. Characteristics of Users of Consumer-Run Drop-In Centers Versus Clubhouses. J Behav Health Serv Res 36, 361–371 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-008-9112-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-008-9112-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation