Zusammenfassung
Die meisten akuten Gastroenteritiden sind viral. Bei Kindern sind virale Gastroenteritiden häufig durch Rotaviren verursacht. Bei Erwachsenen sind Noroviren sowohl in sporadischen Fällen als auch bei Ausbrüchen führend. Noroviren sind regelmäßig für Epidemien in Krankenhäusern und Pflegeeinrichtungen verantwortlich. Die Klinik ist typisch mit akuten Brechdurchfällen als Hauptsymptom. Immunsupprimierte Patienten präsentieren sich oft mit atypischen Symptomen wie chronischer Diarrhö, Gewichtsverlust oder Mangelernährung. Goldstandard zur Diagnostik sind PCR-basierte Methoden, aufgrund der typischen Klinik ist eine Diagnostik jedoch oft nicht indiziert. Noroviren werden durch Stuhl und Erbrochenes ausgeschieden und sind hochkontagiös. Bereits 10–100 Viruspartikel können zur Ansteckung führen. Die Viruskonzentration im Stuhl ist mit > 106 Viruspartikel/ml extrem hoch. Verdachtsfälle sollten direkt isoliert werden. Die krankenhaushygienischen Maßnahmen beinhalten eine konsequente Händehygiene mit virusaktiven Desinfektionsmitteln, die Kontaktisolation und bei Erbrechen die Tröpfchenisolation. Die Therapie ist symptomatisch; für immunsupprimierte Patienten sollte bei schweren Verläufen eine Reduktion der immunsuppressiven Therapie erwogen werden.
Abstract
Viruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. In adults, noroviruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis in sporadic cases and also in outbreaks whereas rotaviruses account for the majority of cases of viral gastroenteritis in childhood. Noroviruses are frequently associated with outbreaks in hospitals and nursing homes. The clinical manifestations of gastroenteritis include diarrhea and vomiting as the main symptoms. In immunocompromised patients clinical manifestations may be atypical, such as chronic diarrhea, weight loss and malnutrition. Nucleic acid based PCR tests are the mainstay of diagnosis; however, because of the characteristic clinical symptoms, specific viral diagnosis is usually not required. Noroviruses appear to be readily transmissible at relatively low doses, with an infectious dose even as low as 10–100 viruses and viral shedding can occur at extremely high levels up to > 106 viruses/ml. Patients with symptoms consistent with norovirus gastroenteritis are placed on contact precautions or droplet precautions in case of vomiting. Hand hygiene is the most important means of preventing the spread of infection. Disinfectants with efficacy against noroviruses must be used. Norovirus gastroenteritis is usually self-limiting and is treated with supportive measures. In immunocompromised patients a reduction of immunosuppressive therapy should be considered in severe cases.
Literatur
Kapikian AZ et al (1972) Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27-nm particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J Virol 10: 1075–1081
Guerrant RL et al (2001) Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 32: 331–351
Kempe A et al (2009) Adoption of rotavirus vaccination by pediatricians and family medicine physicians in the United States. Pediatrics 124: e809–e816
Blacklow NR, Greenberg HB (1991) Viral gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med 325: 252–264
Parashar UD, Glass RI (2009) Rotavirus vaccines – early success, remaining questions. N Engl J Med 360: 1063–1065
Echeverria P et al (1983) Rotavirus as a cause of severe gastroenteritis in adults. J Clin Microbiol 18: 663–667
Pang XL, Vesikari T (1999) Human astrovirus-associated gastroenteritis in children under 2 years of age followed prospectively during a rotavirus vaccine trial. Acta Paediatr 88: 532–536
Kotloff KL et al (1989) Enteric adenovirus infection and childhood diarrhea: an epidemiologic study in three clinical settings. Pediatrics 84: 219–225
Rockx B et al (2002) Natural history of human calicivirus infection: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 35: 246–253
Patel MM et al (2008) Systematic literature review of role of noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1224–1231
Widdowson MA, Monroe SS, Glass RI (2005) Are noroviruses emerging? Emerg Infect Dis 11: 735–737
Hall AJ et al (2013) Norovirus disease in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 19: 1198–1205
Ahmed SM, Lopman BA, Levy K (2013) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the global seasonality of norovirus. PLoS One 8: e75922
Ambert-Balay K et al (2005) Characterization of new recombinant noroviruses. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5179–5186
Ko G et al (2005) Noroviruses as a cause of traveler’s diarrhea among students from the United States visiting Mexico. J Clin Microbiol 43: 6126–6129
Dolin R (2007) Noroviruses – challenges to control. N Engl J Med 357: 1072–1073
Desai R et al (2012) Severe outcomes are associated with genogroup 2 genotype 4 norovirus outbreaks: a systematic literature review. Clin Infect Dis 55: 189–193
Tan M, Jiang X (2005) Norovirus and its histo-blood group antigen receptors: an answer to a historical puzzle. Trends Microbiol 13: 285–293
Porter CK et al (2012) Postinfectious gastrointestinal disorders following norovirus outbreaks. Clin Infect Dis 55: 915–922
Turcios RM et al (2006) Reevaluation of epidemiological criteria for identifying outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus: United States, 1998–2000. Clin Infect Dis 42: 964–969
Battaglioli G et al (2012) Evaluation of the RIDAQuick norovirus immunochromatographic test kit. J Clin Virol 53: 262–264
Kampf G, Grotheer D, Steinmann J (2005) Efficacy of three ethanol-based hand rubs against feline calicivirus, a surrogate virus for norovirus. J Hosp Infect 60: 144–149
Gehrke C, Steinmann J, Goroncy-Bermes P (2004) Inactivation of feline calicivirus, a surrogate of norovirus (formerly Norwalk-like viruses), by different types of alcohol in vitro and in vivo. J Hosp Infect 56: 49–55
Robert Koch-Institut (2013) http://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/Krankenhaushygiene/Desinfektionsmittel/Desinfektionsmittelliste/
Bok K, Green KY (2012) Norovirus gastroenteritis in immunocompromised patients. N Engl J Med 367: 2126–2132
Schwartz S et al (2011) Norovirus gastroenteritis causes severe and lethal complications after chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 117: 5850–5856
Schorn R et al (2010) Chronic norovirus infection after kidney transplantation: molecular evidence for immune-driven viral evolution. Clin Infect Dis 51: 307–314
Roos-Weil D et al (2011) Impact of norovirus/sapovirus-related diarrhea in renal transplant recipients hospitalized for diarrhea. Transplantation 92: 61–69
Einhaltung der ethischen Richtlinien
Interessenkonflikt. N. Durisch und N. Mueller geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Durisch, N., Mueller, N. Norovirus-Gastroenteritis. Gastroenterologe 9, 360–365 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-014-0884-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-014-0884-5