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Norovirus-Gastroenteritis

Norovirus gastroenteritis

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Zusammenfassung

Die meisten akuten Gastroenteritiden sind viral. Bei Kindern sind virale Gastroenteritiden häufig durch Rotaviren verursacht. Bei Erwachsenen sind Noroviren sowohl in sporadischen Fällen als auch bei Ausbrüchen führend. Noroviren sind regelmäßig für Epidemien in Krankenhäusern und Pflegeeinrichtungen verantwortlich. Die Klinik ist typisch mit akuten Brechdurchfällen als Hauptsymptom. Immunsupprimierte Patienten präsentieren sich oft mit atypischen Symptomen wie chronischer Diarrhö, Gewichtsverlust oder Mangelernährung. Goldstandard zur Diagnostik sind PCR-basierte Methoden, aufgrund der typischen Klinik ist eine Diagnostik jedoch oft nicht indiziert. Noroviren werden durch Stuhl und Erbrochenes ausgeschieden und sind hochkontagiös. Bereits 10–100 Viruspartikel können zur Ansteckung führen. Die Viruskonzentration im Stuhl ist mit > 106 Viruspartikel/ml extrem hoch. Verdachtsfälle sollten direkt isoliert werden. Die krankenhaushygienischen Maßnahmen beinhalten eine konsequente Händehygiene mit virusaktiven Desinfektionsmitteln, die Kontaktisolation und bei Erbrechen die Tröpfchenisolation. Die Therapie ist symptomatisch; für immunsupprimierte Patienten sollte bei schweren Verläufen eine Reduktion der immunsuppressiven Therapie erwogen werden.

Abstract

Viruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. In adults, noroviruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis in sporadic cases and also in outbreaks whereas rotaviruses account for the majority of cases of viral gastroenteritis in childhood. Noroviruses are frequently associated with outbreaks in hospitals and nursing homes. The clinical manifestations of gastroenteritis include diarrhea and vomiting as the main symptoms. In immunocompromised patients clinical manifestations may be atypical, such as chronic diarrhea, weight loss and malnutrition. Nucleic acid based PCR tests are the mainstay of diagnosis; however, because of the characteristic clinical symptoms, specific viral diagnosis is usually not required. Noroviruses appear to be readily transmissible at relatively low doses, with an infectious dose even as low as 10–100 viruses and viral shedding can occur at extremely high levels up to > 106 viruses/ml. Patients with symptoms consistent with norovirus gastroenteritis are placed on contact precautions or droplet precautions in case of vomiting. Hand hygiene is the most important means of preventing the spread of infection. Disinfectants with efficacy against noroviruses must be used. Norovirus gastroenteritis is usually self-limiting and is treated with supportive measures. In immunocompromised patients a reduction of immunosuppressive therapy should be considered in severe cases.

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Einhaltung der ethischen Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. N. Durisch und N. Mueller geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Correspondence to N. Durisch.

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Durisch, N., Mueller, N. Norovirus-Gastroenteritis. Gastroenterologe 9, 360–365 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-014-0884-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-014-0884-5

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