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Therapie bei chronischer Pankreatitis

Leitlinienorientierte Standortbestimmung

Therapy of chronic pancreatitis

Guideline based review

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Der Gastroenterologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

In der Therapie der chronischen Pankreatitis hat sich in den letzten Jahren bei einigen wesentlichen Punkten ein Wandel vollzogen. Die Therapie des akuten Schubs einer chronischen Pankreatitis erfolgt analog zur Therapie der akuten Pankreatitis. Basis der Therapie des akuten Schubs ist die unverzügliche parenterale Zufuhr von ausreichend Flüssigkeit. Eine Antibiotikaprophylaxe bei nekrotisierender Pankreatitis kann anhand der heutigen Datenlage nicht empfohlen werden. In Fällen einer schweren nekrotisierenden Pankreatitis kann die Prophylaxe mittels Carbapenem erwogen werden. Auch während des akuten Schubs ist eine enterale Ernährung anzustreben. Die exokrine Pankreasinsuffizienz wird mittels Supplementierung von Pankreatin behandelt. Für die Indikationsstellung und Dosierung ist die Klinik entscheidend. Begonnen wird die Supplementierung mit einer Dosierung von 20.000–40.000 Lipaseeinheiten. Bei unzureichender Wirkung ist eine Steigerung der Dosierung sinnvoll. Die Schmerztherapie der chronischen Pankreatitis richtet sich nach dem WHO-Stufenschema. Bei einigen Patienten kann auch durch eine endoskopische Therapie von Pankreasgangpathologien eine Schmerzreduktion erreicht werden. Die langfristig erfolgreichste Schmerztherapie ist die operative Therapie. Bei Vorliegen von infizierten Nekrosen oder infizierten Pseudozysten ist erst nach Versagen der konservativen Therapie ein invasives Vorgehen anzustreben. Bei invasiven Maßnahmen ist die endoskopische Intervention einem offen chirurgischen Verfahren vorzuziehen.

Abstract

The therapy of chronic pancreatitis has recently changed in some major aspects. The therapy of acute episodes does not differ from the therapy of acute pancreatitis. Immediate and adequate fluid therapy is the backbone of the treatment of acute episodes. The general prophylactic administration of antibiotics in necrotizing pancreatitis does not seem to be useful; however, in cases of severe necrotizing pancreatitis administration of carbapenems may reduce the risk of pancreatic or peripancreatic infections. During acute episodes nutrition should be given enterally. Treatment of exocrine insufficiency includes supplementation of pancreatic enzymes. The presence of symptoms is an important decision-making point for pancreatic enzyme supplementation. The initial dosage is 20,000–40,000 lipase units per main meal and 10,000–20,000 for a snack. The dose can be doubled if symptoms do not improve. Therapy of pain follows the WHO guidelines. In some cases endoscopic therapy of pancreatic duct abnormalities can lead to pain relief. Surgical therapy is the best therapy for long-term pain relief. Infected necrosis or infected pseudocysts should initially be treated by conservative means. In cases of failure, endoscopic transgastric or transduodenal intervention should be given preference over an open surgical approach.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. A. Hoffmeister hat Vorträge für Falk Foundation gehalten, J. Mössner für Aptalis.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Hoffmeister, A., Mössner, J. Therapie bei chronischer Pankreatitis. Gastroenterologe 9, 14–20 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-013-0819-6

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