Zusammenfassung
In der Therapie der chronischen Pankreatitis hat sich in den letzten Jahren bei einigen wesentlichen Punkten ein Wandel vollzogen. Die Therapie des akuten Schubs einer chronischen Pankreatitis erfolgt analog zur Therapie der akuten Pankreatitis. Basis der Therapie des akuten Schubs ist die unverzügliche parenterale Zufuhr von ausreichend Flüssigkeit. Eine Antibiotikaprophylaxe bei nekrotisierender Pankreatitis kann anhand der heutigen Datenlage nicht empfohlen werden. In Fällen einer schweren nekrotisierenden Pankreatitis kann die Prophylaxe mittels Carbapenem erwogen werden. Auch während des akuten Schubs ist eine enterale Ernährung anzustreben. Die exokrine Pankreasinsuffizienz wird mittels Supplementierung von Pankreatin behandelt. Für die Indikationsstellung und Dosierung ist die Klinik entscheidend. Begonnen wird die Supplementierung mit einer Dosierung von 20.000–40.000 Lipaseeinheiten. Bei unzureichender Wirkung ist eine Steigerung der Dosierung sinnvoll. Die Schmerztherapie der chronischen Pankreatitis richtet sich nach dem WHO-Stufenschema. Bei einigen Patienten kann auch durch eine endoskopische Therapie von Pankreasgangpathologien eine Schmerzreduktion erreicht werden. Die langfristig erfolgreichste Schmerztherapie ist die operative Therapie. Bei Vorliegen von infizierten Nekrosen oder infizierten Pseudozysten ist erst nach Versagen der konservativen Therapie ein invasives Vorgehen anzustreben. Bei invasiven Maßnahmen ist die endoskopische Intervention einem offen chirurgischen Verfahren vorzuziehen.
Abstract
The therapy of chronic pancreatitis has recently changed in some major aspects. The therapy of acute episodes does not differ from the therapy of acute pancreatitis. Immediate and adequate fluid therapy is the backbone of the treatment of acute episodes. The general prophylactic administration of antibiotics in necrotizing pancreatitis does not seem to be useful; however, in cases of severe necrotizing pancreatitis administration of carbapenems may reduce the risk of pancreatic or peripancreatic infections. During acute episodes nutrition should be given enterally. Treatment of exocrine insufficiency includes supplementation of pancreatic enzymes. The presence of symptoms is an important decision-making point for pancreatic enzyme supplementation. The initial dosage is 20,000–40,000 lipase units per main meal and 10,000–20,000 for a snack. The dose can be doubled if symptoms do not improve. Therapy of pain follows the WHO guidelines. In some cases endoscopic therapy of pancreatic duct abnormalities can lead to pain relief. Surgical therapy is the best therapy for long-term pain relief. Infected necrosis or infected pseudocysts should initially be treated by conservative means. In cases of failure, endoscopic transgastric or transduodenal intervention should be given preference over an open surgical approach.
Literatur
UK Working Party on Acute Pancreatitis (2005) UK guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Gut 54 (Suppl 3): iii1–iii9
Ammann RW, Muellhaupt B (1999) The natural history of pain in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 116: 1132–1140
Banks PA, Freeman ML (2006) Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 101: 2379–2400
Cahen DL, Gouma DJ, Nio Y et al (2007) Endoscopic versus surgical drainage of the pancreatic duct in chronic pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 356: 676–684
Cahen DL, Berkel AM van, Oskam D et al (2005) Long-term results of endoscopic drainage of common bile duct strictures in chronic pancreatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17: 103–108
Dite P, Ruzicka M, Zboril V et al (2003) A prospective, randomized trial comparing endoscopic and surgical therapy for chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopy 35: 553–558
Dumonceau JM, Costamagna G, Tringali A et al (2007) Treatment for painful calcified chronic pancreatitis: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy versus endoscopic treatment: a randomised controlled trial. Gut 56: 545–552
Dumonceau JM, Delhaye M, Tringali A et al (2012) Endoscopic treatment of chronic pancreatitis: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) clinical guideline. Endoscopy 44: 784–800
Eatock FC, Chong P, Menezes N et al (2005) A randomized study of early nasogastric versus nasojejunal feeding in severe acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 100: 432–439
Eckerwall GE, Axelsson JB, Andersson RG (2006) Early nasogastric feeding in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a clinical, randomized study. Ann Surg 244: 959–965
Enweluzo C, Tlhabano L (2013) Pain management in chronic pancreatitis: taming the beast. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 6: 167–171
Guda NM, Partington S, Freeman ML (2005) Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the management of chronic calcific pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. JOP 6: 6–12
Hoffmeister A, Mayerle J, Beglinger C et al (2012) S3-Consensus guidelines on definition, etiology, diagnosis and medical, endoscopic and surgical management of chronic pancreatitis German Society of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS). Z Gastroenterol 50: 1176–1224
Kahl S, Zimmermann S, Genz I et al (2003) Risk factors for failure of endoscopic stenting of biliary strictures in chronic pancreatitis: a prospective follow-up study. Am J Gastroenterol 98: 2448–2453
Kahl S, Zimmermann S, Genz I et al (2004) Biliary strictures are not the cause of pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 28: 387–390
Kaufman M, Singh G, Das S et al (2010) Efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus block and celiac plexus neurolysis for managing abdominal pain associated with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 44: 127–134
Kozarek RA (1990) Pancreatic stents can induce ductal changes consistent with chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 36: 93–95
Mao EQ, Tang YQ, Fei J et al (2009) Fluid therapy for severe acute pancreatitis in acute response stage. Chin Med J (Engl) 122: 169–173
Mier J, Leó n EL, Castillo A et al (1997) Early versus late necrosectomy in severe necrotizing pancreatitis. Am J Surg 173: 71–75
Nieuwenhuijs VB, Besselink MG, Minnen LP van et al (2003) Surgical management of acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a 13-year experience and a systematic review. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 111–116
Olesen SS, Bouwense SA, Wilder-Smith OH et al (2011) Pregabalin reduces pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis in a randomized, controlled trial. Gastroenterology 141: 536–543
Petrov MS, Kukosh MV, Emelyanov NV (2006) A randomized controlled trial of enteral versus parenteral feeding in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis shows a significant reduction in mortality and in infected pancreatic complications with total enteral nutrition. Dig Surg 23: 336–344
Ponchon T, Bory RM, Hedelius F et al (1995) Endoscopic stenting for pain relief in chronic pancreatitis: results of a standardized protocol. Gastrointest Endosc 42: 452–456
Powell JJ, Murchison JT, Fearon KC et al (2000) Randomized controlled trial of the effect of early enteral nutrition on markers of the inflammatory response in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 87: 1375–1381
Puli SR, Reddy JB, Bechtold ML et al (2009) EUS-guided celiac plexus neurolysis for pain due to chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer pain: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Dig Dis Sci 54: 2330–2337
Pupelis G, Selga G, Austrums E et al (2001) Jejunal feeding, even when instituted late, improves outcomes in patients with severe pancreatitis and peritonitis. Nutrition 17: 91–94
Rosch T, Daniel S, Scholz M et al (2002) Endoscopic treatment of chronic pancreatitis: a multicenter study of 1000 patients with long-term follow-up. Endoscopy 34: 765–771
Smith MT, Sherman S, Ikenberry SO et al (1996) Alterations in pancreatic ductal morphology following polyethylene pancreatic stent therapy. Gastrointest Endosc 44: 268–275
Santvoort HC van, Besselink MG, Bakker OJ et al (2010) A step-up approach or open necrosectomy for necrotizing pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 362: 1491–1502
Xu T, Cai Q (2008) Prophylactic antibiotic treatment in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: results from a meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 43: 1249–1258
Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien
Interessenkonflikt. A. Hoffmeister hat Vorträge für Falk Foundation gehalten, J. Mössner für Aptalis.
Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hoffmeister, A., Mössner, J. Therapie bei chronischer Pankreatitis. Gastroenterologe 9, 14–20 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-013-0819-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-013-0819-6