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Gastrointestinale Probleme bei Diabetes

Sehr selten oder nur nicht erkannt?

Diabetes and gastrointestinal symptoms

Are they rare or only unrecognized?

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Zusammenfassung

Die Prävalenz gastrointestinaler Symptome bei Menschen mit Diabetes ist höher als in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Jeder Abschnitt des Gastrointestinaltrakts kann betroffen sein. Am häufigsten sind Symptome der Gastropathie wie Übelkeit, Völlegefühl sowie Obstipation und Diarrhöen. Ein einzelner spezieller Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung der gastrointestinalen Symptome bei Menschen mit Diabetes ist nicht bekannt. Weder die Diabetesdauer noch das Vorliegen weiterer Folgeerkrankungen korreliert eindeutig mit den Beschwerden; allein das Ausmaß der chronischen und akuten hyperglykämischen Entgleisung scheint mit gastrointestinalen Beschwerden assoziiert zu sein. Wichtigste Ursachen sind eine funktionelle Schädigung gastrointestinaler afferenter und efferenter Fasern des sympathischen und parasympathischen Nervensystems im Rahmen einer autonomen Neuropathie und wahrscheinlich auch der Verlust interstitieller Schrittmacherzellen (Cajal-Zellen) sowie weitere, bisher nicht klar definierte reversible und irreversible Prozesse. Diagnostisch sollten wie bei stoffwechselgesunden Patienten strukturelle, infektiöse und immunologische Ursachen ausgeschlossen werden, ergänzend kann eine Magenentleerungsszintigraphie sinnvoll sein. Therapeutisch steht die Stabilisierung der diabetischen Stoffwechsellage im Vordergrund, da sowohl Hypoglykämien, aber vor allen Dingen Hyperglykämien zu gastrointestinaler Dysfunktion führen.

Abstract

The prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetic subjects is higher than in the general population and any segment of the gastrointestinal tract can be affected. Gastroesophageal reflux and symptoms of gastropathy, such as nausea, sensation of fullness, constipation and diarrhea are the most common. A single specific risk factor to enhance the development of gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetics has not been identified. Neither the duration of diabetes nor the presence of secondary diabetic lesions correlates with the complaints described. Only the degree of hyperglycemic decompensation seems to be associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Functional damage to the gastrointestinal afferent and efferent fibers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems appears to be predominantly involved within the context of autonomic neuropathy and possibly also loss of so-called interstitial pacemaker cells (Cajal cells) aside from other reversible and irreversible processes which have so far not clearly been defined. Structural, infectious and immunological causes should be diagnostically excluded as would be done in metabolically healthy patients and a supplemental scan to assess gastric emptying may be useful. In terms of treatment, stabilization of the diabetic metabolism is of foremost importance as hypoglycemia and, even more so, hyperglycemia result in reversible gastrointestinal dysfunction. The risk of colorectal cancer is higher in patients with type 2 diabetes because of as yet unknown reasons.

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Jaursch-Hancke, C. Gastrointestinale Probleme bei Diabetes. Gastroenterologe 6, 300–306 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-010-0505-x

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