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Autoimmunhepatitis

Diagnostik und Therapie

Autoimmune hepatitis

Diagnosis and Therapy

Der Gastroenterologe Aims and scope

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Zusammenfassung

Die Autoimmunhepatitis (AIH) ist eine chronisch verlaufende Entzündung der Leber unklarer Genese. Verantwortlich für die Entstehung des Krankheitsbildes sind vermutlich äußere Faktoren, eine genetische Prädisposition und gestörte Immuntoleranzmechanismen. Charakterisiert ist das Krankheitsbild durch eine T-Zell-vermittelte Immunantwort gegenüber Leberantigenen mit fortschreitender Entzündungsreaktion, gefolgt von fibrotischen bis hin zu zirrhotischen Umbauprozessen. Symptome zu Krankheitsbeginn sind häufig unspezifisch. Gelegentlich bestehen Juckreiz, rechtsseitiger Oberbauchschmerz und/oder Arthralgien zu Beginn der Erkrankung. Die Varianz ist hoch – mit Verläufen ohne jegliche Symptome bis hin zu fulminantem Leberversagen. Die Diagnose der AIH stützt sich auf histologische Befunde, charakteristische klinische und laborchemische Befunde und die Gegenwart bestimmter Autoantikörper. Die Prävalenz der AIH in Europa liegt bei ca. 17 Erkrankten auf 100.000 Einwohner, die Inzidenz bei ca. 2 auf 100.000. Die Erkrankung betrifft sämtliche ethnische Gruppen und Altersstufen. Frauen haben ein größeres Risiko, an einer AIH zu erkranken (Ratio 3,6 zu 1). Die Mehrzahl der Patienten kann erfolgreich mit immunsuppressiven Ansätzen, insbesondere Kortikosteroiden und/oder Azathioprin therapiert werden. Jedoch verläuft die Erkrankung bei einer Minderheit der Patienten therapieresistent, so dass als Ultima Ratio eine orthotope Lebertransplantation in diesen Fällen die Therapie der Wahl darstellt.

Abstract

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammation of the liver of unknown cause. Environmental factors, genetic predisposition, and failure of immune tolerance mechanisms may be involved in its pathogenesis. AIH is characterized by a T-cell-mediated immune attack upon liver antigens, leading to progressive inflammation followed by fibrotic and cirrhotic processes. Symptoms at onset of the disease are often nonspecific. Jaundice, upper right quadrant pain, and/or arthralgias may be present. The clinical spectrum is wide, ranging from asymptomatic presentation to fulminant liver disease. The diagnosis of AIH is based on histologic findings, characteristic clinical and biochemical findings, and the presence of characteristic autoantibodies. The prevalence of AIH in Europe is approximately 17/100,000, and the incidence is approximately 2/100,000. The disease is seen in all ethnic groups and at all ages. Women are affected more frequently (gender ratio 3.6:1). The majority of patients with AIH can be successfully treated with immunosuppressive regimens, especially corticosteroids and/or azathioprine. Some patients’ conditions, however, are refractory to treatment; therefore orthotopic liver transplantation may be required.

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Vogel, A., Mix, H. Autoimmunhepatitis. Gastroenterologe 4, 102–109 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-008-0257-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-008-0257-z

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