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Polyposis-Syndrome und Dünndarmkarzinome

Polyposis syndromes and small bowel carcinoma

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Zusammenfassung

Polyposis-Syndrome bedürfen aufgrund der benignen und malignen Komplikationen besonderer diagnostischer und therapeutischer Aufmerksamkeit. Sie liegen in einer Häufigkeit von weniger als 1% allen kolorektalen Karzinomen zugrunde. Es werden adenomatöse und nichtadenomatöse Formen unterschieden: Zu den adenomatösen Polyposis-Syndromen gehören die familiäre adenomatöse Polyposis, die attenuierte und die MYH-assoziierte Polyposis. Zu den selteneren hamartomatösen Polyposis-Syndromen zählen das Peutz-Jeghers-Syndrom sowie die familiäre juvenile Polyposis. Mit der Ausnahme der MYH-assoziierten Polyposis handelt es sich um autosomal-dominant vererbbare Erkrankungen. Dies bedeutet, dass erstgradig Verwandte (Kinder, Geschwister, Eltern) mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von 50% ebenfalls Anlageträger für diese Tumordisposition sind. Die genetische Diagnostik und Vorsorgeuntersuchungen sollten in Zusammenarbeit mit erfahrenen Zentren durchgeführt werden. Die Polyposis-Syndrome stellen einen wichtigen Risikofaktor für Dünndarmkarzinome dar. Daher wird in diesem Zusammenhang auch diese seltene, aber differenzialdiagnostisch bedeutsame Tumorerkrankung dargestellt.

Abstract

Polyposis syndromes require special attention because of benign and malignant complications. Polyposis syndromes account for fewer than 1% of newly diagnosed colorectal cancers. The risk for extracolonic cancers is increased in most polyposis syndromes. Classification relies on the histologic type of polyp (adenomas, hamartomas, hyperplastic polyps), patient age at diagnosis, distribution within the gastrointestinal tract, polyp count, and extraintestinal features. Multiple adenomas (>10) are suspicious for underlying familial adenomatous polyposis, attenuated adenomatous polyposis, or MYH-associated polyposis (MAP). Hamartomatous polyposis syndromes include Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and familial juvenile polyposis. All syndromes except MAP are inherited with an autosomal dominant trait. This implies that first-degree relatives (parents, siblings, offspring) have a 50% risk of carrying the underlying germline mutation as well. Contacting a familial colorectal cancer center is advised in any uncertain cases. Polyposis syndromes are an important risk factor for small bowel cancer. We therefore review this rare but important neoplasm.

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Bernhardt, C., Schulmann, K. & Schmiegel, W. Polyposis-Syndrome und Dünndarmkarzinome. Gastroenterologe 4, 35–41 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-008-0239-1

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