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Dysphagie

Dysphagia

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Zusammenfassung

Die Differenzialdiagnosen von Patienten mit Schluckbeschwerden sind vielfältig. Die ätiologische Abklärung betrifft Störungen der Passage flüssiger und fester Nahrung von der Mundhöhle bis in den distalen Ösophagus und erfordert daher die Anwendung von multidisziplinären diagnostischen Algorithmen.

Eine oropharyngeale Dysphagie ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Bolustransportstörung im Rachenbereich, oft kombiniert mit Hustenanfällen, Aspiration oder nasaler Regurgitation. Häufig ist sie Ausdruck neurologischer oder muskulärer Störungen. Die ösophageale Dysphagie bezeichnet eine subjektiv empfundene Passagebehinderung für feste und flüssige Nahrung, häufig distal des Jugulums, und tritt in Kombination mit thorakalen Schmerzen, Regurgitationen, evtl. mit Husten und Aspirationen auf und muss bis zum Ausschluss einer malignen Genese abgeklärt werden.

In dieser Übersicht werden neben der klinischen Symptomatik die Differenzialdiagnosen und gegenwärtige sowie neue Verfahren der Funktionsdiagnostik wie hochauflösende Manometrie und kombinierte ösophageale Mehrkanalimpedanzmessung zur zielgerichteten und präzisen Diagnostik der ösophagealen Dysphagie vorgestellt.

Abstract

The differential diagnoses of patients presenting with dysphagia are manifold. The investigation of these patients includes analyzing any abnormalities in the passage of liquids and solids from the oral cavity to the distal esophagus and frequently requires a multidisciplinary approach.

Oropharyngeal („transfer”) dysphagia is the failure to initiate swallowing and/or propelling the bolus from the pharynx to the esophagus. It is often associated with choking, coughing, and aspiration or nasal regurgitation and is caused most commonly by underlying neurological or muscular disease. Esophageal („transport”) dysphagia is a sensation of abnormal passage, frequently localized distal to the suprasternal notch and often associated with chest pain, regurgitation, and, occasionally, chronic cough or aspiration. It is an alarming symptom that requires immediate investigation.

In this article we summarize the clinical symptoms and investigation of functional dysphagia. We present recent developments in clinical measurement, including high-resolution manometry and impedance, which provide better explanations for symptoms in patients with swallowing problems and increased diagnostic accuracy over conventional techniques.

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Correspondence to M.R. Fox MA, MRCP.

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Götze, O., Fox, M. Dysphagie. Gastroenterologe 3, 461–470 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-008-0209-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11377-008-0209-7

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