Abstract
Purpose
Identify soil properties involved in the adsorption of the bacteriophages (phages) ΦITL-1 and ΦRSP, analyzing different soils and substrates used for greenhouse tomato crops.
Methods
Soil samples were collected from greenhouses in Mexico Central, and soil properties were obtained using the NOM-021-RECNAT-2000. For phage adsorption, soil or substrate was mixed with a phage solution, using three different Water Retention Capacity (WRC) levels, incubated under shaking to room temperature, and finally, the plaque-forming units were counted for each phage by titration.
Results
The phage elution counts showed that the amount of aqueous solution in the mixture is inversely related to the number of viral particles adsorbed on the soil. Furthermore, the soils with a sandy texture had lower adsorption of phages in comparison with the rest of the soils analyzed, which have clay, clay loam, and sandy loam textures. A correlation analysis showed that soil pH and texture are the properties that most influenced phage adsorption. Finally, a principal component analysis showed that Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) has a direct relationship with phage adsorption.
Conclusion
In the present study, we demonstrated that soil texture, pH, CEC, and WRC are determinant variables that affect the adsorption of R. solanacearum phages ΦITL-1 and ΦRSP. Furthermore, we propose that the responsible mechanism may be due to the richness of cations in the soil, which could imply an electrostatic interaction with some exposed phage proteins. These results highlight the influence of soil properties on biocontrol strategies based on phages, which try to reduce the impact of soil-borne bacterial phytopathogens.
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Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Abbreviations
- CEC:
-
Cation exchange capacity
- HOC:
-
Highly immunogenic outer capsid protein
- HWC:
-
High water content
- LWC:
-
Low water content
- MWC:
-
Medium water content
- MZC:
-
Metals zone correlation
- PC:
-
Principal component
- PFU:
-
Plaque-forming units
- SOC:
-
Small outer capsid protein
- WRC:
-
Water retention capacity
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The authors are grateful for the financial support from the Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos and CONAHCYT.
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Guadarrama-Pérez VH: methodology, analysis, investigation, and writing. Robledo-Pérez RM: soil properties methodology. Treviño-Quintanilla LG: analysis and writing review. Carrillo-Morales M: methodology and writing. Guadarrama-Pérez O: methodology, analysis, and writing. Hernández-Romano J: supervision, conceptualization, methodology, writing review and editing, resources, and project administration.
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Guadarrama-Pérez, V.H., Robledo-Pérez, R.M., Treviño-Quintanilla, L.G. et al. Soil properties that affect the adsorption of ΦITL-1 and ΦRSP bacteriophages. J Soils Sediments (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03785-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03785-y