Abstract
Purpose
Increased temperatures can promote phosphorus (P) mobilization in black-odor sediments. It is generally believed that the temperature-induced release of P from sediments is mainly controlled by iron reduction, while the role of sulfate reduction is often neglected. In this study, the effect and mechanism of sulfate reduction on P release in response to increasing temperatures were investigated.
Materials and methods
In January 2021, a total of nine sediment cores were collected in the Zhongzi River, a typical black-odorous river, using a gravity sampler. When all samples had been transported to the laboratory, three sediment cores were placed in three different tanks for incubation, and the water temperature in the tanks was controlled at 5 ℃, 15 ℃, or 25 ℃ through circulating water flumes. Following a 15-day incubation, the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) were combined, and the high-resolution dialysis (HR-Peeper), P sequential extraction, and the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing techniques were used to investigate the relationship between temperature changes and variations in sulfate reduction rates and P migration.
Results and discussion
A rise in the temperature from 5 to 25 ℃, the concentrations of labile sulfide (S(-II)) and soluble reactive P (SRP) in porewater, and the vertical distribution trends of these two variables were significantly and positively correlated (r ≥ 0.45, p ≤ 0.05). Meanwhile, the largest decrease in organic P (OP) and iron-bound phosphorus (Fe–P) was observed in sediments. Further analysis found that the relative abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) increased from 4.35 to 5.43%, while that of iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) decreased from 4.99 to 3.68%, indicating that SRB inhibited the growth of IRB and that microbial sulfate reduction (MSR) became the primary pathway of OP mineralization. Although the growth of IRB was inhibited, the Fe–P and Fe(III) oxide content in sediments were significantly reduced, indicating that chemical iron reduction (CIR) had occurred.
Conclusions
Increasing temperatures promoted the propagation of SRB and inhibited the growth of IRB in black-odor sediments, which not only made MSR become the primary pathway of OP mineralization but also changed the main pathway of iron reduction so that microbial iron reduction (MIR) was replaced by S(-II)-induced CIR, leading to high mobilization of P in black-odor sediments.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Special Fund of Chinese Central Government for Basic Scientific Research Operations in commonweal Research Institute (GYZX230306), Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent (2022, China), and the Xinjiang Science and Technology Support Project Plan (2022E02026).
Funding
This work was financially supported by the Special Fund of the Chinese Central Government for Basic Scientific Research Operations in Commonweal Research Institute (GYZX230306), the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent (2022, China), and the Xinjiang Science and Technology Support Project Plan (2022E02026).
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Han, T., Zhou, K., Chao, J. et al. Sulfate reduction promotes the release of organic phosphorus and iron-bound phosphorus in black-odor sediments in response to increased temperatures. J Soils Sediments 23, 3191–3200 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03562-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03562-3