Abstract
Purpose
As a common conservation tillage technology, crop straw returning could not only increase soil nutrients and improve soil structure, but also has been utilized for remedying PAHs-contaminated upland soil. However, the influence and the related mechanisms of wheat straw on the removal of PAHs in paddy soil are still unclear.
Materials and methods
An incubation experiment used wheat straw (20 g kg−1, S), middle (200 mg kg−1) and/or high (800 mg kg−1) level of urea-N (N1 and N2), and 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (80 mg kg−1, DMPP) was conducted to investigate the effects of wheat straw on phenanthrene (PHE) degradation in paddy soil. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), NO3−, NH4+, denitrification activity (DEA), hydroxylamine reductase (Hyr), bacterial community, and function genes were determined to investigate the mechanisms of PHE degradation.
Results
PHE concentration in paddy soil was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by 4-40%, but DOC concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) increased under S, SN1, SN2, SD, SN1D, and SN2D after 63 days of incubation. DOC was positively (p < 0.01) associated with PHE concentration in drowned water, indicating that DOC increased PHE bioavailability in paddy soil. S, SN1, and SN2 increased NO3− concentration, and the activity of DEA and Hyr, which was positively (p < 0.01) associated with the removal rate of PHE. Wheat straw significantly changed the bacterial community and increased the abundance of PHE degrader (Ruminiclostridium, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Christensenellaceae_unclassified, and Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17_unclassified) and PHE biodegradation function genes (norB, nosZ, nrfA, and bamA). DMPP increased the abundance of PHE degraders and PHE degradation genes.
Conclusions
Wheat straw application enhanced PHE biodegradation in paddy soil via promoting NO3− reduction as well as increasing PHE bioavailability and the abundance of PHE degraders and PHE degradation genes. The present results provided a new strategy for PAHs removal in paddy soil, guaranteeing agricultural production safety.
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Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for valuable comments.
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This work was supported by the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (42077325; 41571456) and Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (Program No. 2023-JC-ZD-17).
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Jun Cai: Methodology, Investigation, Software, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing-original draft. Jinfeng Wang: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing-original draft. Xiangyao Wu: Data curation. Zhuohang Jin: Investigation. Chuangye Zhang: Investigation. Benhua Sun: Methodology, Investigation and Data curation. Fuyong Wu: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing-review and editing.
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Cai, J., Wang, J., Wu, X. et al. Application of wheat straw enhanced phenanthrene biodegradation in aged PHE-contaminated paddy soil. J Soils Sediments 23, 2685–2699 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03501-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03501-2