Abstract
Purpose
The present study aimed to characterise and identify the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tobacco and soils and assess the potential carcinogenic risks (CRs) and non-carcinogenic risks (NCRs) of these PAHs to farmers. Understanding the characteristics of PAHs in the soil–tobacco system will provide regulators with a guide for establishing control standards for PAHs in ambient media.
Methods
The sample PAHs were extracted using dichloromethane and measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Positive matrix factorisation, principal component analysis, and diagnostic ratios were used to identify the primary sources of PAHs. The CRs and NCRs to farmers of the 16 PAHs were estimated based on the methods outlined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA).
Results
The concentrations of ∑16PAH in soils and tobacco ranged from 72.94 to 941.77 μg kg−1 and 130.02 to 1545.35 μg kg−1, respectively. The source analysis results indicated that coal combustion (15–20%), coke combustion (11–19%), oil leakage (9–21%), traffic emissions (19–24%), petroleum combustion (9–27%), and biomass combustion (12–15%) were the dominant sources of PAHs in the soil–tobacco system. Total CR values in soils and tobacco varied from 9.54 × 10−8 to 5.31 × 10−7 and 1.95 × 10−7 to 4.16 × 10−6, respectively, and the total NCR values in soils and tobacco ranged from 1.49 × 10−6 to 1.28 × 10−4 and 1.32 × 10−6 to 4.67 × 10−4, respectively. A total of 60.4% of the tobacco samples exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) were higher than 1 × 10−6 but lower than 1 × 10−4.
Conclusion
The PAH concentrations in the soil samples observed in this study ranged from low to moderately polluted. In soils and tobacco, 3- to 5-ring PAHs were dominant. Petroleum, coal, and biomass combustion, as well as plastic film and fertiliser consumption in the cultivation and management of tobacco, were the primary PAH sources. The CR of BaP in most tobacco samples was low, and the NCR of PAHs was acceptable.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alawi MA, Abdullah RA, Tarawneh I (2018) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in carbon black-containing plastic consumer products from the Jordanian market. Toxin Rev 37(4):269–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2017.1359628
Amato-Lourenco LF, Saiki M, Saldiva PH, Mauad T (2017) Influence of air pollution and soil contamination on the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Pahs) in vegetables grown in urban gardens of Sao Paulo. Brazil Front Env Sci-Switz 5:77. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2017.00077
Ambade B, Sethi SS, Chintalacheruvu MR (2022a) Distribution, risk assessment, and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using positive matrix factorization (PMF) in urban soils of East India. Environ Geochem Hlth 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01223-x
Ambade B, Sethi, SS, Kumar A, Sankar TK (2022b) Solvent extraction coupled with gas chromatography for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine sediment and surface water of Subarnarekha river and its tributary, India. Miniaturized Analytical Devices: Mater Sci Tech-Lond 71-89. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527827213.ch4
Ashraf MW, Taqvi S, Solangi AR, Qureshi UA (2013) Distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables grown in Pakistan. J Chem-NY 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/873959
Balgobin A, Singh NR (2019) Source apportionment and seasonal cancer risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of sediments in a multi-use coastal environment containing a Ramsar wetland, for a Caribbean island. Sci Total Environ 664:474–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.031
Bao KS, Zaccone C, Tao YQ, Wang J, Shen J, Zhang YF (2020) Source apportionment of priority PAHs in 11 lake sediment cores from Songnen Plain. Northeast China Water Res 168:115158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.031
Cai C, Li J, Wu D, Wang X, Tsang DCW, Li X, Sun J, Zhu L, Shen H, Tao S, Liu W (2017) Spatial distribution, emission source and health risk of parent PAHs and derivatives in surface soils from the Yangtze River Delta, eastern China. Chemosphere 178:301–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.057
Carli M, Ward MH, Metayer C, Wheeler DC (2022) Imputation of below detection limit missing data in chemical mixture analysis with bayesian group index regression. Int J Env Res Pub He 19(3):1369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031369
Celik-Saglam I, Balcik C, Cetin B (2022) Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in black, green and fruit flavored tea in Turkey. J Food Compos Anal 109:104504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104504
Chen P, Liang J (2021) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in green space soils in Shanghai: source, distribution, and risk assessment. J Soil Sediment 21(2):967–977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02838-2
Chen YN, Zhang F, Zhang JQ, Zhou M, Li FG, Liu XP (2018a) Accumulation characteristics and potential risk of PAHs in vegetable system grow in home garden under straw burning condition in Jilin, Northeast China. Ecotox Environ Safe 162:647–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.082
Chen YN, Zhang JQ, Ma QY, Sun CY (2016) Human health risk assessment and source diagnosis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the corn and agricultural soils along main roadside in Changchun. China Hum Ecol Risk Assess 22(3):706–720. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2015.1104627
Chen YN, Zhang JQ, Zhang F, Liu XP, Zhou M (2018b) Contamination and health risk assess-ment of PAHs in farmland soils of the Yinma River basin, China. Ecotox Environ Safe 156:383–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.020
Chung MK, Hu R, Cheung KC, Wong MH (2007) Pollutants in Hong Kong soils: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chemosphere 67(3): 464–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.062
Fan Y, Zhao ZS, Shi RG, Li XH, Yang YY, Lan J (2021) Urbanization-related changes over the last 20 years in occurrence, sources, and human health risks of soil PAHs in rural Tianjin. China Environ Chem Lett 19(6):3999–4008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01264-1s
Gao P, da Silva E, Hou L, Denslow ND, Xiang P, Ma LQ (2018) Human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: metabolomics perspective. Environ Int 119:466–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.017
Gbeddy G, Egodawatta P, Goonetilleke A, Ayoko G, Chen L (2020) Application of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model in comprehensive human health risk assessment of PAHs, and alkyl-, nitro-, carbonyl-, and hydroxyl-PAHs laden in urban road dust. J Hazard Mater 383:121154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121154
He Y, He W, Yang C, Liu WX, Xu FL (2020) Spatiotemporal toxicity assessment of suspended particulate matter (SPM)-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Chaohu, China: application of a source-based quantitative method. Sci Total Environ 727:138690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138690
Hu TP, Y, Mao Ke YP, Liu WJ, Cheng C, Shi MM, Zhang ZQ, Zhang JQ, Qi SH, Xing XL (2021) Spatial and seasonal variations of pahs in soil, air, and atmospheric bulk deposition along the plain to mountain transect in hubei province, central China: air-soil exchange and long-range atmospheric transport. Environ Pollut 291:118139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118139
Hu TP, Zhang JQ, Ye C, Zhang L, Xing XL, Zhang Y, Wang YK, Sun W, Qi SH, Zhang QF (2017) Status, source and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil from the water-level-fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. J Geochem Explor 172:20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.09.012
Huang YP, Li K, Liu HG, Yuan X, Li M, Xiong B, Du RS, Johnson DM, Xi Y (2021) Distribution, sources and risk assessment of PAHs in soil from the water level fluctuation zone of Xiangxi Bay, Three Gorges Reservoir. Environ Geochem Hlth 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01047-1
Hui KL, Kou B, Jiang YG, Wu YM, Xu QG, Tan WB (2022) Nitrogen addition increases the ecological and human health risks of PAHs in different fractions of soil in sewage-irrigated area. Sci Total Environ 811:151420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151420
Hur SJ, Yoon Y, Jo C, Jeong JY, Lee KT (2019) Effect of dietary red meat on colorectal cancer risk–a review. Compr Rev Food Sci F 18(6):1812–1824. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12501
Igwe OU, Nnaji JC, Izunwa MA, Friday C (2021) Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some heavy metals in two leafy vegetables grown in Aba Metropolis. Polycycl Aromat Comp 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2021.1996408
Jia JP, Bi CJ, Zhang JF, Chen ZL (2019) Atmospheric deposition and vegetable uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) based on experimental and computational simulations. Atmos Environ 204:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.030
Jia JP, Bi CJ, Zhang JF, Jin XP, Chen ZL (2018) Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables near industrial areas of Shanghai, China: sources, exposure, and cancer risk. Environ Pollut 241:750–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.002
Kalisa E, Nagato EG, Bizuru E, Lee KC, Tang N, Pointing SB, Hayakawa K, Archer SDJ, Lacap-Bugler DC (2018) Characterization and risk assessment of atmospheric PM2.5 and PM10 particulate-bound PAHs and NPAHs in Rwanda, Central-East Africa. Environ Sci Technol 52:12179–12187. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03219
Kubincová P, Sychrová E, Raška J, Basu A, Yawer A, Dydowiczová A, Babica P, Sovadinová I (2019) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and endocrine disruption: role of testicular gap junctional intercellular communication and connexins. Toxicol Sci 169(1):70–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz023
Kumar M, Bolan NS, Hoang SA, Sawarkar AD, Jasemizad T, Gao B, Keerthanan S, Padhye LP, Singh L, Kumar S, Vithanage M, Li Y, Zhang M, Kirkham MB, Vinu A, Rinklebe J (2021) Remediation of soils and sediments polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: to immobilize, mobilize, or degrade? J Hazard Mater 420:126534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126534
Kurwadkar S, Sethi SS, Mishra P, Ambade B (2022) Unregulated discharge of wastewater in the Mahanadi River Basin: risk evaluation due to occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in surface water and sediments. Mar Pollut Bull 179:113686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113686
Lee KJ, Choi K (2022) Non-carcinogenic health outcomes associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure in humans: an umbrella review. Expos Health 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-022-00475-3
León VM, García-Agüera I, Moltó V, Fernández-González V, Llorca-Pérez L, Andrade JM, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Campillo JA (2019) PAHs, pesticides, personal care products and plastic additives in plastic debris from Spanish Mediterranean beaches. Sci Total Environ 670:672–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.216
Li HD, Zhu DW, Lu X, Du HX, Guan S, Chen Z (2018) Determination and risk assessment of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables. J Environ Sci Heal A 53(2):116–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2017.1377573
Li XY, Wang Y, Yang M, Jiang L, Zhong MS, Ma L, Wang SJ, Zhang WY, Gong YY, Li DM (2022) New insight into human health risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on surfaces of buildings and facilities for industrial legacy regeneration. J Hazard Mater 436:129158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129158
Li Y, Liu M, Li RK, Sun P, Xia HB, He TH (2020) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soils of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration, China: infuence of land cover types and urbanization. Sci Total Environ 715:137011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137011
Liu H, Yu XL, Liu ZR, Sun Y (2018) Occurrence, characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in arable soils of Beijing, China. Ecotox Environ Safe 159:120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.069
Liu SD, Xia XH, Yang LY, Shen MH, Liu RM (2010) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of different land uses in Beijing, China: distribution, sources and their correlation with the city’s urbanization history. J Hazard Mater 177:1085–1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.032
Liu Y, Xie SY, Sun YJ, Ma LM, Lin ZF, Grathwohl P, Lohmann R (2021) In-situ and ex-situ measurement of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soil air based on passive sampling: PAH exchange kinetics, non-equilibrium correction and comparison with traditional estimations. J Hazard Mater 410:124646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124646
Lu XZ, Gu AQ, Zhang YW, Chu XY, Hu XF (2020) Accumulation of PAHs of the soils and assessment of their health risks at a village with plastic manufacturing in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province. Southeast China J Soil Sediment 20(2):705–713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02425-0
Ma J, Lu YG, Teng Y, Tan CY, Ren WJ, Cao XY (2022) Occurrence and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in tobacco and soils in tobacco-producing areas of Guizhou province, southwest China. Chemosphere, 303:135193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135193
Ma J, Teng Y, Lu YG, Gan XH, Ren WJ, Ma WT (2016) Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsin tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum L.) by four- channel chromatograph purification coupled with gas chromatography-masss pectrometry. J Instru Analysi 35(8):968–9736 (in China). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-4957.2016.08.007
Ma J, Teng Y, Lu YG, Ren WJ, Ma WT (2017) Elution and purification of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tobacco-planting soil and the content determination. Environ Pollut Control 39(03):258–262,267 (in China). https://doi.org/10.15985/j.cnki.1001-3865.2017.03.007
Ma LX, Li B, Liu YP, Sun XZ, Fu DL, Sun SJ, Thapa S, Geng JL, Qi H, Zhang AP, Tian CG (2020) Characterization, sources and risk assessment of PM2. 5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in Harbin, a cold city in Northern China. J Clean Prod 264:121673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121673
Mackiewicz-Walec E, Krzebietke SJ (2020) Content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil in a multi-annual fertilisation regime. Environ Monit Assess 192:314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08252-y
Maharjan L, Tripathee L, Kang S, Ambade B, Chen PF, Zheng HJ, Li QL, Shrestha KL,Sharma CM (2021) Characteristics of atmospheric particle-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds over the Himalayan middle hills: implications for sources and health risk assessment. Asian J Atmos Enviro 15(4):1–19. http://asianjae.org/xml/31023/31023.pdf
Maliszewska-Kordybach B, Smreczak B, Klimkowicz-Pawlas A, Terelak H (2008) Monitoring of the total content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in arable soils in Poland. Chemosphere 73(8):1284–1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.009
Marrot L (2018) Pollution and sun exposure: a deleterious synergy. Mechanisms and opportunities for skin protection. Curr Med Chem 25:5469–5486. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170918123907
Mohammed S, Obiri S, Ansa-Asare OD, Dartey G, Kuddy R, Appiah S (2019) Assessment of concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables from farms in Accra. Ghana Environ Monit Assess 191:417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7538-5
National Bureau of Statistics (2019) https://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01&zb
Paris A, Ledauphin J, Poinot P, Gaillard JL (2018) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruits and vegetables: origin, analysis, and occurrence. Environ Pollut 234:96–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.028
Qiao X, Zheng B, Li X, Zhao XR, Dionysiou DD, Liu Y (2021) Influencing factors and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater in China. J Hazard Mater 402:123419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123419
Qu YJ, Gong YW, Ma J, Wei HY, Liu QY, Liu LL, Wu HW, Yang SH, Chen YX (2020) Potential sources, influencing factors, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface soil of urban parks in beijing, china. Environ Pollut 260:114016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114016
Ranjbar JA, Riyahi BA, Shadmehri TA (2017) Comprehensive and comparative ecotoxicological and human risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in reef surface sediments and coastal seawaters of Iranian Coral Islands, Persian Gulf. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 145:640–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.016
Rivera-Pérez A, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A (2021) Persistent organic pollutants (PCBs and PCDD/Fs), PAHs, and plasticizers in spices, herbs, and tea-a review of chromatographic methods from the last decade (2010-2020). Crit Rev Food Sci 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1883546
Sampaio GR, Guizellini GM, da Silva SA, de Almeida AP, Pinaffi-Langley ACC, Rogero MM, de Camargo AC, Torres EA (2021) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foods: biological effects, legislation, occurrence, analytical methods, and strategies to reduce their formation. Int J Mol Sci 22(11):6010. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22116010
Seopela MP, McCrindle RI, Combrinck S, Augustyn W (2020) Occurrence, distribution, spatio-temporal variability and source identification of nalkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment from Loskop dam. South Africa Water Res 186:116350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116350
Shi RG, Li XH, Yang YY, Fan Y, Zhao ZS (2021) Contamination and human heath risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sols from Tianjin coastal new regon China. Environ Pollut 268:115938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115938
Shukla S, Khan R, Bhattacharya P, Devanesan S, AlSalhi MS (2021) Concentrations, source apportionment and potential carcinogenic risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in roadside soil. Chemosphere 292:133413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133413
Sun T, Wang YH, Tian JM, Kong XG (2022) Characteristics of PAHs in soils under different land-use types and their associated health risks in the northern Taihu Basin. China J Soil Sediment 22(1):134–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03050-6
Sun YB, Sun GH, Zhou QX, Xu YM, Wang L, Liang XF, Sun Y, Qin X (2012) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in the urban top soils of Shenyang, China. Soil Sediment Contam 8:901–917. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2012.697937
Tesi GO, Iniaghe PO, Lari B, Obi-Iyeke G, Ossai JC (2021) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in leafy vegetables consumed in southern Nigeria: concentration, risk assessment and source apportionment. Environ Monit Assess 193:443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09217-5
Tusher TR, Sarker ME, Nasrin S, Kormoker T, Proshad R, Islam MS, Mamun SA, Tareq ARM (2021) Contamination of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rooftop vegetables and human health risks in Bangladesh. Toxin Rev 40(4):736–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1767650
Wang CH, Wang JX, Zhou SL, Tang JH, Jia ZY, Ge L, Li Y, Wu SH (2020a) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in urban environments: concentrations and joint risks in surface soils with diverse land uses. Land Degrad Dev 31:383–391. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3456
Wang CH, Wu SH, Zhou SL, Shi YX, Song J (2017a) Characteristics and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils: a review. Pedosphere 27(1):17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60293-5
Wang H, Xia X, Wang Z, Liu R, Muir DC, Wang WX (2021) Contribution of dietary uptake to PAH bioaccumulation in a simplified pelagic food chain: modeling the influences of continuous vs intermittent feeding in zooplankton and fish. Environ Sci Technol 55(3):1930–1940. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06970
Wang J, Zhang XF, Ling WT, Liu R, Liu J, Kang FX, Gao YZ (2017b) Contamination and health risk assessment of PAHs in soils and crops in industrial areas of the Yangtze River Delta Region, China. Chemosphere 168:976–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.113
Wang LJ, Xu X, Lu XW (2016) Composition, source and potential risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetable soil from the suburbs of Xianyang City, Northwest China: a case study. Environ Earth Sci 75(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4853-1
Wang SB, Ji YQ, Zhao JB, Lin Y, Lin Z (2020b) Source apportionment and toxicity assessment of PM2.5-bound PAHs in a typical iron-steel industry city in northeast China by PMF-ILCR. Sci Total Environ 713:136428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136428
Wu Z, Lin T, Hu LM, Guo TF, Guo ZG (2022) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment-porewater system from the East China Sea: Occurrence, partitioning, and diffusion. Environ Res 209:112755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112755
Xu JY, Liu Y, Zhang QJ, Su ZK, Yan TL, Zhou SP, Wang TC, Wei XT, Zhang J, Hu GP, Chen T, Jia G (2022) DNA damage, serum metabolomic alteration and carcinogenic risk associated with low-level air pollution. Environ Pollut 297:118763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118763
Yang J, Sun P, Zhang X, Wei XY, Huang YP, Du WN, Qadeer A, Liu M, Huang Y (2021) Source apportionment of PAHs in roadside agricultural soils of a megacity using positive matrix factorization receptor model and compound-specifc carbon isotope analysis. J Hazard Mater 403:123592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123592
Yang JY, Yu F, Yu YC, Zhang JY, Wang RH, Srinivasulu M, Vasenev VI (2017) Characterization, source apportionment, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soil of Nanjing. China J Soil Sediment 17(4):1116–1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1585-0
Zhang YX, Chen HY, Liu C, Chen RH, Wang YY, Teng YG (2021) Developing an integrated framework for source apportionment and source-specific health risk assessment of PAHs in soils: application to a typical cold region in China. J Hazard Mater 415:125730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125730
Zheng H, Yang D, Hu TP, Li Y, Zhu GH (2017) Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic carbons (PAHs) in sediment core from Honghu Lake, Central China: comparison study of three receptor models. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:25899–25911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0185-x
Zheng HJ, Kang SC, Chen PF, Li QL, Tripathee L, Maharjan L, Guo JM, Zhang QG, Santos E (2020) Sources and spatio-temporal distribution of aerosol polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons throughout the Tibetan Plateau. Environ Pollut 261:1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114144
Funding
This work was supported by the Development Project of Young Scientific and Technological Talents in Ordinary Institutions of Higher Learning in Guizhou Province (Qianjiahe KY Zi [2019] 174), the Science and Technology Plan Project of Tongren (Tongshi Ke Yan [2018] No. 28), the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42107018), the Hunan Innovative Province Construction Special Fund (2020NK2001), and the Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province (CX2022).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible editor: Zhaohui Wang
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ma, J., Lu, Y., Teng, Y. et al. Soils and tobacco polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon characterisation and associated health risk assessment in Qingzhen city, Southwest China. J Soils Sediments 23, 273–287 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03284-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03284-y